2.1.3 Changes Over Time in the Economic Charateristics of a Place

Question 1

What are the four sectors of the economy?

Answer 1

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary

Question 2

What is the Primary sector?

Answer 2

The part of the economy concerned with the collection and use of natural resources.

Question 3

What is the Secondary sector?

Answer 3

The manufacturing or industrial sector- the part that processes resources into goods people want.

Question 4

What is the tertiary sector?

Answer 4

The sector that enables goods to be traded, sometimes called producer services.- includes wholesaling, retailing, banking, finance, entertainment etc

Question 5

What is the Quaternary sector?

Answer 5

Research and development, and the knowledge economy, including IT, education and the process of information.

Question 6

What is the Clarke-Fisher model?

Answer 6

A model to show the changing balance of employment over time

Question 7

In some versions of the Clarke Fisher model there are different stages. What are they?

Answer 7

Pre industrial phase
Industrial Phase
Post industrial Phase

Question 8

Explain what occurred in Britain in the pre industrial phase in the Clarke Fisher model?

Answer 8

Primary sector lead the economy and employed 2/3 of the population. Agriculture the most important activity.

Question 9

Explain what occurred in Britain in the industrial phase in the Clarke Fisher model?

Answer 9

Secondary and tertiary sectors increase in importance. Primary sector declines. Secondary sector peaks during this phase but rarely provided jobs for half the workforce.

Question 10

Explain what occurred in Britain in the post industrial phase in the Clarke Fisher model?

Answer 10

Tertiary sector becomes most important. Primary and secondary continue to decline. Quaternary sector begins to appear.

Question 11

What are the faults of the Clarke Fisher model?

Answer 11

It may not work in the same way for developing countries which may bypass some of the model.

Question 12

What is GNI?

Answer 12

Gross National Income is the total value of goods and services produced within a country (Gross Domestic Product) plus net income received from overseas.

Question 13

Why did the primary sector decline after the post industrial phase?

Answer 13

Mechanisation
Exhaustion of resources
High cost of production in HIC’s vs low cost in LIC’s
Cheap imports because of lower: Safety standards / wages
Cheaper transport costs in larger modern vessels

Question 14

What changes took place in the secondary sector and why?

Answer 14

Initially rises – industrialisation
Falls - High cost of production in HIC’s vs low cost in LIC’s
Cheap imports because of lower: Safety standards / wages
Cheaper transport costs in larger modern vessels

Question 15

Why did the tertiary sector grow in the post industrial phase?

Answer 15

Urban dwellers need more services
Growth of wealth in cities sees growth of leisure sector
Increased wealth so growth of banking sector

Question 16

Explain why some primary jobs such as mining declined because it is cheaper to import raw materials from overseas?

Answer 16

Some HIC’s such as Britain have Human Rights laws to adhere to so primary jobs would cost more to carry out because of the extra precaution and safety equipment needed for health and safety.
Some HIC,s such as Britain have mined a lot of resources in the industrial period in accessible areas so would cost more to build under cities for example.

Question 17

Explain why it is cheaper to import secondary goods from LIC’s?

Answer 17

Because they have more plentiful labour and have lower working costs

Question 18

How did mechanisation decline some primary industries such as farming in HIC’s?

Answer 18

Tractors meant the number of workers needed on farms was reduced.

Question 19

How did the increased ease of transport and containerisation decline secondary industries in HIC’s?

Answer 19

Ease of transport from countries such as China allows quick and cheap transportation of goods. Containerisation also allows a large amount of good to be transported at once.

Question 20

What is post-productionism?

Answer 20

Changes in agricultural policy and practice shifting emphasis away from maximum yields and to a more sustainable agriculture.

Question 21

What is farm diversification? And what percentage of farm income now comes from it.

Answer 21

Setting up by farmers of new, sometime non-agricultural enterprises to increase farm incomes. In the UK an estimated 40% of farm income now comes from diversification.

Question 22

What is suburbanisation?

Answer 22

The outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding villages and towns into a larger urban agglomeration.

Question 23

What is decentralisation?

Answer 23

Decentralisation is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location.

Question 24

What is mechanisation?

Answer 24

Mechanisation is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery.

Question 25

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 25

The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy.

Question 26

What are the social, economic, environmental and political causes of change in the economic sectors of urban areas?

Answer 26

social-suburbanisation
Economic-deindustrialisation, containerisation, new technology, decentralisation
Environmental- Decentralisation
Political- Privatisation, WW2