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ENST 1001 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Arable land

A

d Land that can be plowed and can produce crops. (p. 327)

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2
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

The storage of chemicals in an organism in higher concentrations than those
normally found in the environment.(p. 349)

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3
Q

Biocides

A

Chemicals that kill many different kinds of living things; also called pesticides. (p. 334)

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4
Q

Bioconcentration

A

The combined effect of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. (p. 352)

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5
Q

Biofuels

A

Solid, liquid, or gas fuel derived from relatively recently dead biological material; distinguished
from fossil fuels, which are derived from long-dead biological material. (p. 338)

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6
Q

Biomagnification

A

Buildup of chemical elements or substances in organisms in successively higher
trophic levels. (p. 351)

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7
Q

Contour cultivation

A

The cultivation and seeding of fields parallel to the contour of the slope,
which serves to reduce the speed of runoff by catching soil particles in the plough furrows. (p. 357)

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8
Q

Crop rotation

A

Alternating crops in fields to help restore soil fertility and also control pests. (p. 357)

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9
Q

Demitarians

A

People who try to reduce their consumption of meat and dairy products by half.
(p.334)

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10
Q

Food miles

A

The distance food must travel from point of production to consumption. (p. 359)

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11
Q

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

A

Organisms created by humans through genetic manipulation
combining genes from different and often totally unrelated species to create a different organism
that is economically more productive and/or has greater resistance to pathogens. (p. 335)

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12
Q

Grasshopper effect

A

Atmospheric transport and deposition of persistent and volatile chemical pollutants
whereby the pollutants evaporate into the air in warmer climates and travel in the atmosphere
towards cooler areas, condensing out again when the temperature drops. The cycle then repeats itself
in a series of “hops” until the pollutants reach climates where they can no longer evaporate. (p.
350)

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13
Q

Green manure

A

Plants that are ploughed into the soil as fertilizer. (p. 358)

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14
Q

Green Revolution

A

Development in plant genetics (hybridization) in the late 1950s and early 1960s
resulting in high-yield varieties producing three to five times more grain than previous plants but
requiring intensive irrigation and fertilizer use. (p. 328)

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15
Q

Hybridization

A

Cross-breeding organisms of different varieties or species to create a hybrid. (p. 334)

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16
Q

Integrated pest management (IPM)

A

The avoidance or reduction of yield losses caused by diseases,
weeds, insects, etc., while minimizing the negative impacts of chemical pest control. (p. 356)

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17
Q

Integrated plant nutrient systems (IPNSs)

A

Maximization of the efficiency of nutrient use by recycling

all plant nutrient sources within the farm and by using nitrogen fixation by legumes. (p. 357)

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18
Q

Intensive livestock operations (ILOs)

A

Factory farms, feedlots, etc. where large quantities of external
energy inputs are required to raise larger numbers of animals than the area in which they are
raised can naturally support, which can result in problems of disease and dealing with animal waste.
(p. 355)

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19
Q

Livestock Revolution

A

The shift in production units from family farms to factory farms and feedlots
that depend on outside supplies of feed, energy, and other inputs to produce vastly more livestock,
a shift that has fuelled the growth in meat consumption worldwide, which has doubled since
1977. (p. 340)

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20
Q

Locavore

A

People who eat locally produced food. (p. 360)

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21
Q

Monoculture cropping

A

Cultivation of one plant species (such as corn) over a large area, which
leaves the crop highly susceptible to disease and insects, especially when all of the individual plants
are genetically identical. (p. 340)

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22
Q

No-till/conservation agriculture (NT/CA)

A

Zero, minimum, or low tillage to protect and stimulate
the biological functioning of the soil while maintaining and improving crop yields, which includes
direct sowing or drilling of seeds instead of ploughing, maintenance of permanent cover of plant
material on the soil, and crop rotation. (p. 357)

This approach also reduces agricultural runoff

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23
Q

Organic farming

A

An agriculture production management system that focuses on food web relations
and element cycling to maximize agro-ecosystem stability and to promote and enhance ecosystem
health. It is based on minimizing the use of external inputs. (p. 358)

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24
Q

Pelagic

A

Marine life, such as cod and whales, that live in the upper layers of the open sea. (p. 349)

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25
Q

Permaculture

A

Agricultural designs, such as urban farming and organic farming, based on ecological
relationships with the fundamental principle of minimizing wasted energy and with the wastes of
one component becoming the inputs for another. (p. 360)

26
Q

Permanent cropland

A

Lands where crops (e.g. coffee, tea, fruit) do not require annual replanting.
(p. 327)

27
Q

Permanent pastures

A

Lands used primarily for grazing livestock. (p. 327)

28
Q

Persistent organochlorine pesticides (POPs)

A

Chemical substances that persist in the environment.

p. 350

29
Q

Salinization

A

Deposition/accumulation of salts in irrigated soils, making soil unfit for most crops;
caused by a rising water table due to inadequate drainage of irrigated soils. (p. 344)

30
Q

Silent Spring

A

Rachel Carson’s book, which published in 1962, detailed the disastrous effects of biocides
on the environment. (p. 346)

31
Q

Soil compaction

A

The compression of soil as a result of frequent heavy machinery use on wet soils
or the overstocking of cattle. (p. 344)

32
Q

Soil erosion

A

A natural process whereby soil is removed from its place of formation by gravitational,
water, and wind processes. (p. 343)

33
Q

Strip cropping

A

A technique similar to contour cultivation in which different crops are planted in
strips parallel to the slope. (p. 358)

34
Q

Subsistence farming

A

The production of food and other necessities to satisfy the needs of the farm
household. (p. 335)

35
Q

Summer fallow

A

A practice common on the prairies in which land is ploughed and kept bare to
minimize moisture losses through evapotranspiration but which leads to increased salinization. (p.
344)

Practice developed to conserve moisture in the soil
Up to 50% of the land left without a crop

36
Q

Virtual water

A

A concept recognizing that because significant amounts of water are required to
grow some foodstuffs, nations can reduce pressure on their water resources by importing such
products, allowing use of water for other, high-value products. (p. 335)

37
Q
  1. The following statement about the rapid spread of cropland globally is FALSE: ________.
    a) It has now brought cultivated land up to 1.5 billion hectares
    b) It came predominately at the expense of forest habitats
    c) It is slowing down in face of competition from other land uses
    d) It is occurring mainly in developing countries
    e) All of the above are true
A

d) It is occurring mainly in developing countries

38
Q

________ of Canada’s population is directly involved in food production.

a) 1 per cent
b) 4 per cent
c) 9 per cent
d) 17 per cent
e) 26 per cent

A

b) 4%

39
Q

In Canada, over 300,000 hectares of rural land were converted to urban use between 1966 and
1986, of which ________ was prime agricultural land.
a) 10 per cent
b) 22 per cent
c) 46 per cent
d) 58 per cent
e) 87 per cent

A

d) 58 per cent

40
Q

The following statement is FALSE: ________.

a) The Prairie provinces contain 81 per cent of Canada’s agricultural land base
b) Quebec, Ontario, and BC contain approximately 17 per cent of Canada’s agricultural base
c) The area of farmland has remained relatively constant for the past 50 year
d) The Atlantic provinces contain 9 per cent of Canada’s agricultural base
e) The agriculture and agrifood sector is a $130 billion industry

A

d) The Atlantic provinces contain 9 per cent of Canada’s agricultural base

41
Q
  1. Biocides found in beluga whales of the St Lawrence estuary are indicators of ________.
    a) species resilience
    b) biomagnification
    c) bioaccumulation
    d) nutrient loss
    e) none of the above
A

b) biomagnification

42
Q

According to 2011 figures, Canadian livestock produces ________.

a) 152 million tonnes of manure annually
b) 160.5 million kilograms of manure monthly
c) 152.5 million tonnes of manure quarterly
d) 155.5 million kilograms of manure annually
e) 177.5 billion tonnes of manure annually

A

a) 152 million tonnes of manure annually

43
Q

________ has the highest proportion of certified organic producers.

a) Saskatchewan
b) British Columbia
c) Alberta
d) Quebec
e) Ontario

A

d) Quebec

44
Q

Crop rotation is ________.

a) the same as contour cultivation
b) the most common soil conservation method
c) an important means of recharging soil
d) Both a and b
e) Both b and c

A

e)
b) the most common soil conservation method
c) an important means of recharging soil

45
Q

Intensive livestock operations are ________.

a) part of modern agriculture
b) a source of significant manure production
c) a source of pollution
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

A

d

46
Q

Bioconcentration is ________.

a) a combination of biomagnification and bioaccumulation
b) when biocides cause negative effects
c) responsible for killing thousands of birds
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

A

a) a combination of biomagnification and bioaccumulation

47
Q 
Climate change will reduce agricultural capacity; world agricultural GDP is expected to fall by
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a) 7 per cent
b) 16 per cent
c) 32 per cent
d) 58 per cent
e) 72 per cent
A

b) 16 per cent

48
Q 
Humans need about 2,500 calories daily. North Americans and Europeans on average consume
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ calories each day.
a) 2,000
b) 2,500
c) 3,000
d) 3,400
e) 4,200
A

d) 3,400

49
Q

The Canada Food Guide recommends that the average adult consume 54 kg of protein annually.
In reality, the average Canadian adult consumes ________ of meat each year.
a) 32 kg
b) 54 kg
c) 73 kg
d) 82 kg
e) 90 kg

A

e) 90 kg

50
Q
  1. Hybridization is ________.
    a) the development of higher-yielding seeds
    b) inserting the genes from one species into another to improve it
    c) cross-breeding different varieties or species
    d) selecting only the most productive plants to contribute genes to the next generation
    e) None of the above
A

c) cross-breeding different varieties or species

51
Q

. Producing only enough food to satisfy the needs of the farm household is called ________.

a) subsistence farming
b) insistence farming
c) intensive farming
d) modern farming
e) economical farming

A

a) subsistence farming

52
Q
  1. Bacillus thuringiensis is ________.
    a) a pest insect
    b) a bacteria
    c) a variety of soybean
    d) a fertilizer
    e) an antibody
A

b) a bacteria

53
Q

True or False

Agriculture dates back 2,000 years.

A

F

54
Q

True or False

The “Green Revolution” doubled average grain harvest.

A

T

55
Q

True or False

Since cropland cultivation began in Canada, 1 billion tonnes of soil organic carbon has been lost.

A

T

56
Q

True or False

One way to reduce the contributions of agriculture to global warming is to eat less meat.

A

T

57
Q

True or False
Both modern industrialized agricultural systems and natural agro-ecosystems rely heavily on
large auxiliary energy flows.

A

F

58
Q

True or False

Biocides are a main contributor to the speed of the eutrophication process.

A

F

59
Q

True or False

Biofuels are derived from recently dead biological material.

A

T

60
Q

True or False

The use of biocides creates a pest population that will ultimately become resistant to them.

A

T

61
Q

True or False

9. As much as 30 per cent of food produced in the world is wasted.

A

T

ENST 1001 (8 decks)

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