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Psych > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

learning, memory

A
  • learning- acquisition of new info

- memory- retention of new info

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2
Q

procedural memory

A

(implicit, non-declarative)

  • reflexive memory
  • skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic
  • cerebellum- motor skills
  • nucleus accumbens- non-motor
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3
Q

declarative memory

A

(explicit)

  • conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences
  • episodic- memory of events
  • semantic- memory of words, language, rules
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4
Q

short-term, long-term, working memory

A
  • short-term- secs to hrs
  • long-term- yrs
  • working memory- recalling a fact/memory for use
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5
Q

production of memory and learning requires what?

A

-neuronal and synaptic plasticity

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6
Q

plasticity

A

alterations in the CNS based on use

  • synaptic fxn
  • physical structure of neurons (more synapses, more branches to new cells)
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7
Q

plasticity- Changes in synaptic fxning

A
  • post-tetanic potentiation
  • pre-synaptic facilitation
  • LTP (long-term potentiation)
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8
Q

plasticity- changes in structure of neurons

A
  • gain/loss of synapses
  • structural changes in dendrites
  • structural changes in soma of neuron
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9
Q

post-tetanic potentiation

A
  • brief, high-freq discharge of presynaptic neuron
  • inc NT release
  • lasts 60 seconds
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10
Q

post-tetanic potentiation- mech

A

-AP goes down axon- Ca enters- more vesicles fuse w cell membrane- greater Nt release

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11
Q

presynaptic facilitation- mech

A
  • normal synapse
  • add another neuron that synapses on the presynaptic terminal of neuron A
  • when act, these terminal releases 5HT
  • act of AC and inc CAMP
  • K channels in Neuron A become phosphorylated- opening is delayed- repolarization is delayed
  • greater Nt release
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12
Q

LTP (long-term potentiation)

A
  • changes in pre- and post-synaptic neurons of a synapse that lead to inc response to release Nt
  • inc in response lasts HRS after the stimulation
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13
Q

LTP- mech

A
  • Mg blocks the EAA channel- when depolarized, Mg leaves- Ca, Na enters channel
  • Ca-> calmodulin-> inc AC/caMP-> phosphorylation of AMPA R-> inc Na influx in response to EAA
  • Ca-> calcineurin-> act of NO synthase-> NO-> to pre-synaptic cell: inc cGMP, inc NT release
  • inc CREB- gene transcription
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14
Q

learning and form of new memories can be blocked by?

A

blocked prot syn

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15
Q

inc CREB- causes what?

A

gene transcription- prot syn:

  • NT synthetic enzymes
  • NT Rs
  • proteins required for growth/synapse formation
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16
Q

Creating Declarative (Explicit) Memories- steps

A
  • encoding (attending to new info)
  • storage of info
  • consolidation- making a memory permanent (physical changes in synaptic structure)
  • retrieval- working memory
17
Q

Short-term memory- storage- anatomical substrate

A

Temporary storage:

  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
  • interconnections to neocortex and amygdala via nucleus basalis of Meynert (cholinergic projection- target of Alzheimer’s dz)
18
Q

Short-term memory- physiological substrate

A
  • LTP

* temporary storehouse for memory

19
Q

Consolidating memory from short to long-term- requires?

A
  • hippocampus
  • temporal lobes
  • papez circuit
20
Q

Consolidating memory from short to long-term- physiology

A
  • memory is repeatedly sent thru the Papez circuit- induce LTP and neuronal plasticity
  • creates new synapses in required regions of brain (visual, auditory)
  • hypothalamus-> ant thalamus-> cingulate cortex-> hippocampus->
21
Q

long-term memory- stored where?

A

-area of cortex related to the modality of the individual components (ex- visual info is stored in visual cortex)

22
Q

Long-term memory- reassembling- requires?

A
  • neocortex
  • parahippocampal regions
  • hippocampus
23
Q

Recalling/retrieving memories

A
  • info related to each component of the memory is sent to parahippocampal regions
  • then to hippocampus- entire memory is reconstructed
  • back thru parahippocampus to cortex (keeps the trace)
24
Q

working memory- 3 component model

A
  • visuospatial loop- occipital cortex assoc w vision
  • central executive- prefrontal cortex
  • phonological loop- Broca’s and Wernicke’s
25
Q

Spatial memory

A
  • stored in hippocampus- uses place cells (in CA1)

- spatial map serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory

Psych (16 decks)

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