Psychopathology

Question 1

Jahoda

Answer 1

Suggested if we have good mental health we follow a certain criteria: Rational, can cope w/ stress, good self-esteem, a realistic view of the world

Question 2

Mowrer

Answer 2

Two-process model
Based on behavioural approach to phobias
Phobias acquires by classical conditioning
Maintained by operant conditioning

Question 3

Watson and Rayner

Answer 3

Little Albert - phobia in baby
White rabbit, paired a loud noise w/ it = baby crying
repeated this found baby was scared to go near rabbit
This was generalised to other white things

Question 4

Buck

Answer 4

Agoraphobia - Perceives the environment unsafe
they avoid phobic stimulus - stick w/ safety factor
E.g. people leave the house w/ trusted person, not by themselves

Question 5

Bounton

Answer 5

Suggests that evolutionary factors play a role in phobias

two-factors theory does not explain this

Question 6

Seligman

Answer 6

Adaptive to acquire such fears (snakes, the dark)

Biological preparedness - innate predisposition

Question 7

Ourgrin

Answer 7

Compared flooding to cognitive therapies
Found: flooding more affective & quicker
.˙. patients free from phobia ASAP - cheaper

Question 8

Beck

Answer 8

Cognitive Theory of Depression
3 parts: Faulty information processing,
Negative Self Schema.
Negative Triad

Question 9

Ellis

Answer 9

ABC Model
Action is affected by Belief which results in a Consequence.
Irrational thoughts = interfere with being happy

Question 10

Grazioli and Terry

Answer 10

Cognitive vulnerability/depression before and after birth

women have high cognitive vulnerability = more likely to suffer post-natal depression

Question 11

Lewis

Answer 11

Observed OCD patients
37% had parents w/ OCD
21% had siblings w/ OCD
.˙. OCD runs in families through genetic vulnerability

Question 12

Taylor

Answer 12

Analysed findings of other studies

Found: evidence of 230 different genes involved in OCD

Question 13

Gilroy et al

Answer 13

Patients w/ spider phobia - Systematic Desensitisation
Control group treated w/ relaxation
Found: SD patients less fearful
Shows SD is helpful in reducing anxiety of phobia = long lasting

Question 14

Cromer et al

Answer 14

Environmental factors
Found: half of OCD patients have had a traumatic event in the past
OCD more severe in those w/ more than 1 trauma

Question 15

dysfunctional behaviour

Answer 15

behaviour which goes against the accepted standards of behaviour

Question 16

Observer discomfort

Answer 16

behaviour that causes other individuals to become uncomfortable

Question 17

Unpredictable behaviour

Answer 17

impulsive behaviour that seems to be uncontrollable

Question 18

irrational behaviour

Answer 18

Behaviour that’s unreasonable and illogical

Question 19

Personal distress

Answer 19

being affected by emotion to an excessive degree

Question 20

six conditions associated w/ ideal mental health

Answer 20

positive self-attitude 
self actualisation 
resistance to stress
Personal autonomy 
Accurate perception of ability 
Adaptation to the environment

Question 21

Cognitive behavioural therapy Evaluation

Answer 21

+ve empowers patients
people less likely to relapse
good for people who put a lot of pressure on themselves

-ve time and costly
only works correctly if therapist is experienced
people feel like he or she is to blame

Question 22

Behavioural therapy

Answer 22

+ve effective for specific phobias (systematic desensitisation
done quickly, anxiety reduced after one session

-ve ethical issues: for flooding people feel overwelmed .˙. dropout
only treats symptoms

Question 23

Flooding

Answer 23

introduced to phobia straight away, real-life or visualise it

Question 24

Systematic desensitisation

Answer 24

counter-conditioning, person learns to associate phobic stimulus with relaxtion
‘fear hierarchy’ paired with relaxation techniques
work their way up through events to most feared

Question 25

Billet et al

Answer 25

Genetic factors OCD
identical twin study; found if one twin had OCD then 68% of the time the other had it
31% if non identical

Question 26

Insel

Answer 26

Biochemical factors OCD

found SSRI’S reduce symptoms of OCD in 50-60% of cases

Question 27

Max et al

Answer 27

Neurological factors
Max et al found increased rates of OCD in people after head injuries cause brain damage to basal ganglia
others found thoughts and behaviours linked to OCD

Question 28

Biological explanations

Answer 28

+ve scientific basis - evidence of low serotonin linked to OCD - not necessarily the cause
twins studies show genetics have some effect
-ve doesn’t take into account environment
ethical concerns - drugs could lead to addiction