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yr3 > other DPD > Flashcards

other DPD Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

Genetic: hereditary spherocytosis (RBC membrane defect), G6PD deficiency, haemoglobulinopathies
Acquired: drugs, AI, MAHA, infection

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2
Q

Heinz bodies cells on blood films

A

G6PD deficiency haemolytic anaemia

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3
Q

Aplastic anaemia common cause

A

Parovirus B19

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4
Q

Haemophilia (bleeding into joints) have which abnormal bleeding times

A

Increased APTT only

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5
Q

Haemophilia A

A

Factor 8 deficiency

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6
Q

Heamopihlia B

A

Factor 9 deficiency

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7
Q

Anti-thyroid drugs examples

A

Carbimazole
Propylthiouracil (can be used in pregnancy)
Started at high dose and then decreased. Stopped when patients develop neutropenic fevers and sore throats

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8
Q

Clinical features specific to Graves’ in hyperthyroidism

A

Exopthalmos (and proptosis due to anti-TSHr antibodies)
Thyroid acropachy
Pretibial myoxedema

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9
Q

Infective endocarditis can result in

A

splenomegaly

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10
Q

Reiter’s syndrome

A

Urethritis
Conjunctivitis
Reactive arthritis

This is a precursor of joint problems e.g. ankylosing spondylitis.

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11
Q

Campbell de Morgan spots

A

normal and benign

no pathology known

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12
Q

Viral hepatitis will show which LFT to be the highest?

A

ALT

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13
Q

Hepatic cirrhosis will show which LFT to be the highest?

A

AST

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14
Q

Spider naevi appear in anatomical distribution of SVC and above the nipple line. they suggest…

A

Chronic liver disease

When they are pressed in the centre, they blanch

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15
Q

RDW = red cell distribution width i.e. the spread of MCV in blood film. It is increased in….

A

mixed anaemia picture

i.e. IDA together with pernicious anaemia/ coeliac disease (-> IDA + vitB12 def)

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16
Q

osmolality equation

A

2(Na+K) + urea + glucose

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17
Q

anion gap equation

A

Na + K - Cl - HCO3

If anion gap >18MM, there is met acidosis

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18
Q

causes of macrocytic anaemia

A 
alcohol
myelodysplasia
hypothyroidism
liver disease
folate/vitB12 deficiency
19
Q

Prussian blue iron stain +ve

A

haemochromatosis

20
Q

Amyloidosis histochemical stains

A

Congo red +ve (glomerulus)

Apple green birefringence

21
Q

Cytokeratin immunohistochemical stains (epithelial marker) distinguishes between….

A

carcinomas and lymphomas

22
Q

CD45+ve

A

Lymphoma

23
Q

CK20+ve

A

Adenocarcinoma e.g. colorectal cancer

24
Q

Lower GI tumours marker

A

Carcinogenic embryonic antigen (CEA)

present in other: stomach lung breast pancreas cancer, infections, hepatitis, IBD

25
Q

Pancreatic cancer tumour marker

A

Ca19-9

present in other: GI tumours, pancreatitis, cirrhosis

26
Q

Breast cancer tumour markers

A

Ca15-3

Now Ca27-29 is better

27
Q

Ovarian cancer tumour marker

A

Ca-125

present in other: ascites, menstruation, pregnancy

28
Q

AFP is raised in

A

HCC
Testicular cancer (also b-hCG)
Pregnancy (also b-hCG)

29
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) results in

A

Low platelets +fibrinogen
High PT/APTT
High D-dimer/ fibrin degradation products

-> microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

30
Q

Almost all causes of hypoNa+ are due to

A

Increased vasopressin

Rarer causes: excess water intake, Na+ free irrigation solutions (used in TURP)

31
Q

Causes of cavitating lung lesions

A

Infection (TB, staph, Klebsiella esp in alcoholics)
Inflammation (WG, RhA)
Infarction (PE)
Malignancy

32
Q

30 year old man presents with recurrent GI and nose bleeds. Facial examination shows mucosal membrane petechiae. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

Autosomal dominant
Abnormal BVs in skin, mucous membranes, lungs, liver, brain

33
Q

Eosinophils are present in…

A

Allergic reactions (asthma, contact dermatitis)
Parasitic infection
Tumours (Hodgkin’s)

34
Q

Mast cells are present in…

A

Allergic reactions

Type 1 hypersensitivity

35
Q

Macrophages are present in…

A

Late acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation - including granulomas
(i.e. at the end of acute and at the start of chronic inflammation)

36
Q

TB histology shows

A

Caseating granulomas
Epithelial macrophages

(Ziehl neelson stain shows acid fast bacilli)

37
Q 
What cell type do these tumours belong?
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Lymphoma
Melanoma
A

Carcinomas - epithelial cells
Sarcomas - native tissue
Lymphomas - lymph cells
Melanoma - skin cells

38
Q

Keratin production
Intercellular bridges

present in which type of carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

39
Q

Mucin production
Glands

present in which type of carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinomas

40
Q

Sites of origin of squamous cancers

A 
Skin
Head and neck
Oesophagus
Anus
Cervix
Vagina
41
Q

Sites of origin of adenocarcinomas

A 
Lung
Breast
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
42
Q

Giant multinuclear cells present in…

A

herpes simplex virus

43
Q

What is monitored in HIV patients?

A

HIV RNA levels (viral load) and CD4 levels

44
Q

vWF disease mainly presents as

A

epistaxis (nosebleeds)

yr3 (19 decks)

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