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Pathophysiology > Patho Quiz 7 (GI, Gall Bladder, Pancreas, Liver) > Flashcards

Patho Quiz 7 (GI, Gall Bladder, Pancreas, Liver) Flashcards

1
Q

In addition to stimulating gastric juice, Gastrin stimulates chief cells to release what? What drug inhibits Gastrin?

A

HCl. PPI drugs inhibit release of HCl.

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2
Q

What is another word for pyrosis and what occurs during this process?

A

Heartburn; reflux of gastric contents into esophagus.

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3
Q

What is visceral pain caused by? Somatic pain? Symptoms for each?

A
  • Visceral: stretching or distending of an abdominal organ inflammation–burning/cramping
  • Somatic: injury to abdominal wall, peritoneum, or diaphragm–sharp, intense
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4
Q

What might signal the nature or reason for nausea with vomiting?

A

Characteristics of vomitus (color, odor, texture, etc.)

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5
Q

What are reasons for constipation?

A

Dietary (lack of fiber), lack of exercise, pathologic conditions (diverticulitis, obstruction).

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6
Q

What are the four major mechanisms of diarrhea?

A
  • Osmotic: Na and water influx
  • Secretory: bacterial toxins
  • Exudative: inflammatory processes (mucus, blood, protein)
  • Motility disturbances: decreased contact in small intestine (dumping syndrome)
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7
Q

Define stomatitis

A

Inflammation of oral mucosa, buccal mucosa, lips, and palate

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8
Q

Define herpetic stomatitis (Type I) and who commonly gets it?

A

Prodromal tingling/itching; ages 1-3

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9
Q

What are risk factors for GERD?

A

Intake of fatty foods, caffeine, and ethanol, cigarette smoking, sleep position, obesity

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10
Q

What is a complication of GERD?

A

Aspirational pneumonia

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11
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Defect in diaphragm when a portion of the stomach passes through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax

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12
Q

Which two GI diseases share similar symptoms and are treated the same?

A

GERD and Hiatal hernia.

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13
Q

What is the treatment for GERD and Hiatal hernia?

A

PPI, H2 blockers, or surgery (if severe).

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14
Q

What is Mallory-Weiss syndrome?

A

Bleeding caused by tears in the mucosa or submucosa; forced prolonged vomiting.

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15
Q

What is the layman’s term for gastroenteritis?

A

The flu.

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16
Q

Which bacteria thrives in the GI environment and causes gastritis?

A

H. Pylori.

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17
Q

What is chronic gastroenteritis caused by? Acute?

A

Chronic: another GI disorder
Acute: direct infection of tract by virus or bacteria.

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18
Q

What occurs during Peptic Ulcer Disease?

A

It is an increase in factors that tend to injure the mucosa relative to those that protect it.

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19
Q

What should you avoid to prevent recurrence of gastric acidity?

A

Smoking, ASA, NSAIDs, alcohol

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20
Q

What is ulcerative colitis and what are the hallmark symptoms?

A

Large ulcers form in the mucosal layer of colon and rectum; bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain.

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21
Q

What is the difference between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

A

IBD is an umbrella term that includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s Disease.
IBS is the presence of alternating diarrhea/constipation accompanied by abdominal cramping (no inflammation present upon inspection, no pathological process).

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22
Q

What is Crohn’s Disease? And what are suggestive findings?

A

Inflammation of all layers of the intestinal wall resulting from blockage and inflammation of lymphatic vessels.
-Granulomas, ulcerations, structures, and fistulas

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23
Q

What bacteria causes enterocolitis?

A

Clostridium difficile.

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24
Q

What is the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

A
  • Diverticulosis is the presence of diverticula (pouches in the GI tract)
  • Diverticulitis is the inflammatory response when food gets caught in them
25
Q

What factors can affect intestinal motility and what are examples of them?

A

Mechanical: blockage of intestines (hernia, tumor, impaction, etc.)
Functional: conditions that inhibit peristalsis (narcotics, surgery, spinal cord injuries)

26
Q

What bowel sounds might you expect in mechanical v. functional intestinal obstructions?

A

Mechanical: active or hyperactive (trying to push obstruction out)
Functional: absent

27
Q

What is intussusception? And what age group does it usually affect?

A

Telescoping/invagination of a portion of bowel into adjacent (usually distal) bowel causing intestinal obstruction; pediatrics.

28
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Twisting of bowel on itself causing intestinal obstruction and blood vessel compression.

29
Q

Patients with colon polyps are put at risk for developing what?

A

Colon cancer.

30
Q

What is a clinical manifestation of IBS?

A

Constipation diarrhea. (and stupid Rachel says alternating)

31
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

Water, electrolytes, cholesterol, solutes

32
Q

What are the three phases of gallstone formation (cholelithiasis)?

A
  • Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol
  • Nucleation of crystals
  • Hypomotility allowing stone growth
33
Q

What is the most common cause of cholecystitis?

A

Gallstones.

34
Q

What precipitates biliary colic?

A

Meals or at night time.

35
Q

What are predisposing factors for acute pancreatitis?

A
  • Biliary tract disease
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Ethanol (66%)
36
Q

What lab value will indicated acute pancreatitis?

A

↑Amylase and lipase
↑Alkaline phosphatase and Bilirubin
↑Aminotransferases

37
Q

Where is bile created and stored?

A

Liver creates bile

Gallbladder stores bile

38
Q

What are clinical manifestations of liver failure?

A

Jaundice, muscle wasting, ascites, osteomalacia (bone softening), hyper or hypoglycemia

39
Q

Where is the easiest place to see jaundice on the body?

A

Conjunctiva of the eye

40
Q

What is the classic sign of liver failure?

A

Clay colored stools

41
Q

What is the most common cause of cholestatic jaundice?

A

Mechanical obstruction

42
Q

What transaminase values might you expect in viral hepatitis v. alcoholic/toxic hepatides?

A
  • Viral hepatitis ALT>AST

- Alcoholic/toxic hepatides AST>ALT

43
Q

Define cirrhosis

A

The end result of some kind of liver disease–the liver becomes scarred, hardened, and enlarged.

44
Q

Gastroesophageal varices is a direct complication of? (6)

A

Portal hypertension, alcoholic or post-hepatic cirrhosis, vasoactive hormones, increased splanchnic blood flow, and increased vascular resistance in the liver.

45
Q

What are the treatments for Gastroesophageal varices? (3)

A

Vitamin K, FFP, Recombinant factor Vlla

46
Q

How is Hepatic Encephalopathy related to liver disease?

A

The liver is unable to metabolize ammonia to urea, and it builds in the blood stream

47
Q

High liver ammonia levels cause the classic sign of _____ ____.

A

Liver flap (in hands)

48
Q

What can occur as a result of untreated Hepatic Encephalopathy (stage 3 or 4 -late sign)?

A

Cerebral edema

49
Q

Define Hepatorenal syndrome

A

Kidney failure as a result of liver failure (prerenal cause of AKI)

50
Q

What are the routes of transmission in Hepatitis A-E?

A
  • A: oral/fecal
  • B,C,D: parenteral contact with blood/blood products, needles, sexual contact
  • E: oral/fecal
51
Q

What strain of Hepatitis accentuates Hep D when both are acquired?

A

Hep B

52
Q

What are two toxic metal liver disorders and what metals are associated with them?

A
  • Hereditary hemochromatosis–Iron

- Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)–Copper

53
Q

What causes Reye’s Syndrome? And what is the prognosis?

A

As a result of a viral illness such as influenza or chickenpox–40% mortality.

54
Q

What is the most common cause of mechanical bowel obstructions?

A

Adhesions.

55
Q

This disease may be a result of chronic pancreatitis

A

DM II

56
Q

What is one of the hormones of the duodenum and what does it do?

A

Secretin–regulates water homeostasis throughout the body

57
Q

How is acute pancreatitis treated?

A

NPO, and continuous gastric suctioning

58
Q

What electrolyte is found at high levels in pancreatic secretions?

A

Bicarb

Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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