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Sociology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

The recognized violation of cultural norms

Things only deviant in relation to norms

People become deviant as people define them that way

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2
Q

Crime

A

The violation of society formally enacted criminal law

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3
Q

Social Control

A

Attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behaviours

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4
Q

Criminal Justice System

A

The organizations- police, courts, and prison officials- that respond to alleged violations of the law

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5
Q

Durkheim and Deviance

A

Structural Functionalism

Clarifies moral boundaries

Affirms cultural values and norms

Brings people to together

Encourages social change

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6
Q

Strain Theory

A

The extent and type of deviance that people engage in is a result of whether or not society provides the means to achieve cultural goals

Conformity is reaching goals in approved means

Innovation is the deviance that results form achieving goals in unconventional methods

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7
Q

Deviant Subcultures

A

Occur when people find no legal or illegal opportunities

Conflict subculture- engage in violence out of frustration and a desire for respect

Retreats subculture- drop out and abuse alcohol or other drugs

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8
Q

Labelling Theory

A

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Deviance and conformity results not from what they do but how people respond

Differences are often labelled as deviance

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9
Q

Primary Deviance

A

Norm violations that provoke little reaction and have little affect on one’s self concept

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10
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

When an audience defines an action as deviant and the individual takes this as their identity (it affects their self concept)

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11
Q

Stigma

A

Powerful negative label that changes a persons self concept and social identity

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12
Q

Medicalization of Deviance

A

Transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition

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13
Q

Sutherland’s Differential Approach Theory

A

A persons tendency towards conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behaviour

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14
Q

Hirshi’s Control Theory

A

Conformity comes from social control

Attachment- Strong social attachments encourages conformity

Opportunity- the greater access to legitimate opportunity the more likely to conform

Involvement- the more involvement in legitimate activities leads to greater conformity

Belief- Strong beliefs in conventional morality, respect for authority figures, etc leads to greater conformity

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15
Q

Social Conflict Deviance

A

Deviance is a result of inequality and deviants are often powerless

Norms reflect rich and powerful

Powerful have resources to avoid deviant labels

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16
Q

White Collar Crime

A

Committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

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17
Q

Corporate Crime

A

Illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

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18
Q

Organized Crime

A

Business supplying illegal goods or services

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19
Q

Hate Crimes

A

Criminal act against a person or person property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

Falls under the Race- Conflict Theory

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20
Q

Punishment

A

Means of social control

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21
Q

Retribution

A

Act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

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22
Q

Deterrence

A

Attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment

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23
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Program for reforming the offender to prevent later offences

Attempts to motivate the offender to conform

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24
Q

Societal Protection

A

Rendering an ofender incapable of further offences temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution

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25
Q

Criminal Recidivism

A

Later offences by people previously convicted of crimes

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26
Q

Community based Corrections

A

Correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls

Probation, parole, sentencing circles

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27
Q

Social Stratification

A

System by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Trait of society

Carries over from generation to generation

Universal to all cultures but variable

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28
Q

Caste System

A

Social stratification based on ascription or birth

Closed- no mobility

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29
Q

Class System

A

Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement

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30
Q

Meritocracy

A

Social stratification based on personal merit or achievement

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31
Q

Status Consistency

A

The degree of uniformity in a person social standing across various dimensions of social inequality

Relatively equal amounts of wealth, power, and prestige as everyone else in the class- example- university profs have high prestige and power but less wealth

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32
Q

Structural Social Mobility

A

A shift in social position of large numbers people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

Russia

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33
Q

Davis Moore Thesis

A

Functional analysis claiming that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society

The greater the functional importance of a position the more rewards which promotes productivity and efficiency - incentives increase productivity

However this doesn’t explain everything do stockbrokers and professional athletes contribute that much to society, ignores how inequality can promote conflict etc.

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34
Q

Socio-economic status

A

Composite ranking (continuum not categories?) based on various dimensions of social inequality

Max Weber

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35
Q

Symbolic Interactionism and Stratification

A

Peoples social standing affects their everyday interactions

Often interact with people of same social class

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36
Q

Conspicuous Consumption

A

Buying and Using products because of the statement they make about social position

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37
Q

Stratification and the Progression of Society and Technology

A

As societies progress so does social stratification until post-industrial

Hunter gathering -> horticulture/pastoral -> agrarian -> industrial -> post- industrial

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38
Q

Income

A

Earnings from work or investments

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39
Q

Wealth

A

Total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts

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40
Q

Intragenerational Social Mobility

A

Change in social position occurring during a persons lifetime

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41
Q

Intergenerational Social Mobility

A

Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents

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42
Q

Relative Poverty

A

Lack of resources of some people in relation to people who have more

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43
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Lack of resources that is life threatening

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44
Q

Feminization of Poverty

A

The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

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45
Q

Global Stratification

A

Patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole

46
Q

High Income Countries

A

Have a majority of the worlds income and a high quality of life

47
Q

Middle Income Countries

A

Median Income

Urbanized and industrial jobs common

48
Q

Low Income Countries

A

Majority of people are very poor

Poverty more severe

More widespread

49
Q

Explanations of Global Poverty

A

Lack of Technology

Population growth

Cultural patterns

Social Stratification

Gender inequality

Global power relationships

50
Q

Neocolonialism

A

New form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporation

51
Q

Multinational Corporations

A

Large business that operates in many countries

52
Q

Modernization Theory

A

Explains global inequalities in terms of technological and cultural differences

Role of Rich Nations are to control population, increasing food production, introducing industrial technology, providing foreign aid

Structural functionalism

53
Q

Rostow’s Stages of Modernization

A

Traditional Stage

Take-off Stage

Drive to technological maturity

High mass consumption

54
Q

Dependency Theory

A

Explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by the rich ones

Social conflict theory

Makes poor nations dependent on rich ones because they have narrow, export oriented economies, lack of industrial capacity, forcing debt

55
Q

Race

A

A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

56
Q

Ethnicity

A

Shared cultural heritage

Common ancestry, language, or religion

Constructed from cultural trait

57
Q

Minority

A

A category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart of subordinates

Based on gender, race, ethnicity, class, or a combination

58
Q

Visible Minority

A

Persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour

59
Q

Prejudice

A

A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people

Attitude or belief

60
Q

Social Distance Scale

A

How closely people are willing to interact with members of a certain category

Barred from the country to willing to get married

61
Q

Racism

A

The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to one another

62
Q

Scapegoat

A

A person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles

63
Q

Culture Theory

A

Prejudice is a part of culture

64
Q

Discrimination

A

Unequal treatment of various types of people

Behaviour or action

65
Q

Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination

A

Bias built into the operation of society institutions

66
Q

Vicious Cycle of Prejudice and Discrimination

A

Prejudice/Discrimination -> Social Disadvantage -> Belief in minority’s innate inferiority ->

67
Q

Pluralism

A

State in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

68
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant cultural

Can be voluntary or forced

69
Q

Segregation

A

Physical and social separation of categories of people

70
Q

Genocide

A

Systematic killing of one category of people

71
Q

Politics

A

Social institution that distributes power, sets a society’s goals, and makes decisions

72
Q

Power

A

The ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

Weber says its the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

73
Q

Government

A

Formal organization that directs the political life of a society

74
Q

Authority

A

Power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive

75
Q

Traditional Authority

A

Power legitimized by respect for long established cultural patterns

76
Q

Rational-Legal Authority

A

Power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations

77
Q

Charismatic Authority

A

Power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience

78
Q

Routinization of Charisma

A

Transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority

79
Q

Family

A

A social institution found in all societies that unites people in co-operative groups to care for one another including children

80
Q

Kinship

A

A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption

81
Q

Extended/Consanguine Family

A

A family composed of parents and children as well as other kin

82
Q

Nuclear/conjugal Family

A

One or two parents and their children

83
Q

Marriage

A

A legal relationship usually involving economic co-operation and childbearing

84
Q

Endogamy

A

Marriage between people of the sam social category

85
Q

Exogamy

A

Marriage between people of different social classes

86
Q

Monogamy

A

Marriage that unites two partners

87
Q

Polygamy

A

Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses

88
Q

Polygyny

A

Marriage that unites one man and two or more women

89
Q

Polyandry

A

Marriage that unites one woman and two or more men

90
Q

Patrilocality/Matrilocality/Neolocality

A

Living near husbands parents, wife’s parents or neither

91
Q

Functions of the Family

A

Socialization, regulation of sexual activity, social placement, material and emotional security

92
Q

Inequality and the Family

A

Social Conflict Theory

Property and Inheritance
Patriarchy
Race and Ethnicity

93
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Dating allows each person to assess the potential advantage and disadvantages of a potential spouse

94
Q

Divorce

A 
Reasons its more prevalent:
Individualism is on the rise
Romantic love fades
Women are less dependent on men
Many of todays marriages are stressful 
Divorce is socially acceptable
Divorce is easier to get
95
Q

Family Violence

A

Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another

96
Q

Cohabitation

A

The sharing of a household by an unmarried couple

97
Q

Religion

A

Social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred

98
Q

Faith

A

Belief based on conviction rather than scientific evidence

99
Q

Totem

A

Object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred

100
Q

Profane

A

Included as an ordinary part of everyday life

101
Q

Sacred

A

Set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence

102
Q

Functions of Religion

A

Provide social control

Establish social cohesion

Provide meaning and purpose

103
Q

Symbolic Iteration and Religion

A

Religion is socially constructed

Sharpen distinction between sacred and profane

104
Q

Social Conflict theory and religion

A

Religions supports social inequality

105
Q

Max Weber: Protestantism and Capitalism

A

Efficient and thrifty

Worked hard - protestant work ethic

106
Q

Liberation Theory

A

Combining of Christian principles with political activism often marxist in character

107
Q

Church

A

Religious organization that is well integrated into larger society

108
Q

State church

A

a church formally linked to the state

109
Q

Sect

A

Religious organization that stats apart from the larger society

110
Q

Cult

A

Religious organization that is largely outside a society cultural traditions

111
Q

Denomination

A

A church independent of state that recognizes religious pluralism

Sociology (6 decks)

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