Cell injury CC Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three acinar zones of the hepatic nodule

A

periportal, transitional, pericentral

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2
Q

which acinar zone is most likely to be damaged by ischaemia and paracetemol overdose

A

pericentral zone

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3
Q

What will be sign under the light microscope in hepatitis B/C

A

apoptotic cells called a councilman’s cell
eosinophilic
a dying hepatocyte surrounded by normal parenchymal cells

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4
Q

Why are the councilman’s present in these viral infections

A

virally infected cells have been triggered to die by cytotoxic T cells

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5
Q

Give 6 ways in which apoptosis differs to necrosis

A

Apoptosis:Cytoplasmic budding
Necrosis: Cytoplasmic blebbing

Apoptosis:Intact plasma membrane
Necrosis:Plasma membrane lyses

Apoptosis:happens to one or two cells on a slide
Necrosis:affects lots of cells

Apoptosis: Cell shrinkage
Necrosis: Cell swelling

Apoptosis:DNA fragmentation is ordered
Necrosis:DNA fragmentation is random

Apoptosis: No inflammatory reaction
Necrosis: Induces a inflammatory reaction

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6
Q

Define hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side

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7
Q

what type of necrosis do you get in the brain and why

A

liquefactive

loose organ with little connective tissue

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8
Q

A patient presents with pulmonary embolism. where do you need to check

A

legs for DVT

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9
Q

How does excessive alcohol comsumption affect the liver?

A

fatty liver disease

Increased reacttive oxygen species–>DNA and protein damage

Immune destruction of hepatocytes–>Alcoholic hepatitis–>hepatomegaly and perivenular fibrosis

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10
Q

What would you see in the lab with excessive alcohol consumption

A
Increased:
Alanine transaminase 
Aspartate transaminase
ALD
gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Thrombocytopenia
Hypoglycaemia
Mallory bodies present under the microscope- Damaged keratin filaments in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

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11
Q

how would someone present with hep B

A

Jaundice, abdo pain, anorexia, fever, malaise, nausea, hepatomegaly (inflammed so painful)

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12
Q

What are the three markers for hepatitis used in laboratory diagnosis and seeing the progression of the disease

A
Surface antibody (HBsAb)
Core Antibody (HBcAg)      (IGM and IgG)
Surface antigen (HbsAg)
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13
Q

Symptoms of acute pancreatitis

A

hypocalcaemia (Used by fat necrosis)
Cullen’s Sign (Bruised belly button)
Grey turners sign(Bruising along flanks)
Pain in epigastric region

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14
Q

What would you see in the lab with acute pancreatitis?

A

Raised serum amylase and lipase

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15
Q

What is Hereditary Haemochromatosis

A

Absorb an unusually high amoount of iron

Normally absorb about 10% of intake
Now absorb 25% ish

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16
Q

What is the word for the deposition of iron in organs

A

Haemosiderosis

17
Q

Why is too high iron levels bad?

A

Can make free radicals (Fe2+ + H2O2–>Fe3+ + .OH + OH-

Causes cellular damage–>tissue fibrosis

18
Q

Name some complications of hereditary haemochromatosis (Organ then problem) (5 organs)

A
Liver- Cirrhosis and liver cancer
Pancreas- Type 1 diabetes(Destruction of β islet cells), Malabsorption
Skin- Bronze pigmentation
Heart- Arrythmias
Joints- degenerative joint disease
19
Q

Treatment for Hereditary Haemochromatosis

A

phlebotomy (blood letting)

Deferoxamine (Binds to free iron in the blood–>excretion in urine)

20
Q

What is alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

liver produces incorrectly folded alpha 1 antityrpsin

Accumulates in the ER and not secreted

21
Q

Complications of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin is a protease inhibitor
Normally macrophages secrete proteases to clear up debris in the lungs
to prevent excessive damage to lung tissue, the alpha 1 antitrypsin acts as an inhibitor

So decreased alpha 1 antitrypsin–> increased protease activity–>Emphhysema

22
Q

4 symptoms of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

shortness of breath
wheezing
rhombi (crackling when breathing)
jaundice

23
Q

What is coal workers pneumoconiosis?

A

Build up of dust

Leads to inflammation, fibrosis and necrosis