Exercise Flashcards
Exercise vs PA
Physical activity is movement that is carried out by the skeletal muscles that requires energy. In other words, any movement one does is actually physical activity. Exercise, however, is planned, structured, repetitive and intentional movement intended to improve or maintain physical fitness.
WHO 2017
What is the impact of physical inactivity
NHS England
Impacts: Causes 10% of chronic disease burden, 17% all cause mortality
Cost to English economy / year: £8.3 billion
Cost to NHS: £1-1.8 billion
HIPI 2016
About 37,000 annual premature deaths are due to physical inactivity in the UK - HPI
CMPO Bristol 2013
9 out of 10 patients have not been swimming or to the gym, and about 8% of adults with the exception of doing the shopping had not walked continuously for 5 minutes
Health survey 2013
In England, 66% of men and 56% of women claim to meet the CMOs’ recommendations however, self-reporting of health behaviours is always suspect and the reality may be much lower
What are the recommended exercise guidelines
According to the four home countries’ Chief Medical Officers everybody should aim to be active daily. For adults, the recommended amount is 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate activity per week. The overall amount of activity is more important than the type, intensity or frequency, and one way to achieve this is to do 30 minutes on at least 5 days a week
It is recommended that children over five should engage in at least 60 minutes (1 hour) of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity every day. Children under five who are capable of walking unaided should be physically active for at least 180 minutes (3 hours), spread throughout the day.
Physical benefits of exercise
London bus study 1953. Morris et al
First epidemiological study. The study compared the rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) between drivers and conductors of the London Transport Executive. The investigators concluded that employees in positions that required high physical activity had lower rates of coronary heart disease.
To investigate the association between active
commuting and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD),
cancer, and all-cause mortality, Morales et al 2017 performed a prospective cohort study of 263 540 participants recruited from 22 sites across the UK. They were followed up between 2007 and 2010. Cycle commuting was associated with a lower risk of
CVD, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Walking
commuting was associated with a lower risk of CVD
independent of major measured confounding factors.
Psychological benefits of exercise
Low mood and exercise
Stress and exercise
Anxiety
Depression
Steptoe et al 1988
They looked at the short-term influence of high and
low physical exercise on mood. In a group of 36 men who were regular athletes and 36 men who did not exercise regularly. Both were exposed to varying degree of exercise severity, and mood measured before and after.
McDowell et al 2017
Looked at the link between regular exercise and depression and anxiety among 480 adolescents in Ireland. Their findings suggest that moderate to high PA are inversely associated with anxiety
Childs et al 2014
Healthy men and women (N = 111). Compared reactivity to acute stress between healthy individuals who exercise regularly and those who do not. They examined cardiovascular, cortisol and emotional responses to a standardised psychosocial stressor in comparison to a non-stressful control task. Overall, heart rate was significantly lower among regular exercisers than sedentary participants, yet cardiovascular reactivity to stress or the tasks overall did not differ between the groups. The groups did not significantly differ in levels of cortisol at baseline or after stress. Also, participants who regularly exercised exhibited less of a decline in positive affect after stress than sedentary participants. These findings suggest that regular exercisers may be more resistant to acute stress, which may protect them against future poor health.
What are the determinants of exercise
JOHNNY DEPP EXERCISE
Demographic - Dishman et al 1985 suggested that intention, personal capabilities, behavioural skills, commitment, and reinforcement emerge as determining factors that appear constant across populations, settings, and modes of activity.
Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and beliefs about
health and activity; perceived needs and abilities;
and outcome expectations interact with biomedical
and personality traits, feelings, lifestyle behaviours,
and environments to influence a person’s disposition
to adopt or maintain involvement in physical
activity.
Dishman et al 1985
Demographic - Dishman et al 1985 suggested that intention, personal capabilities, behavioural skills, commitment, and reinforcement emerge as determining factors that appear constant across populations, settings, and modes of activity.
Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and beliefs about
health and activity; perceived needs and abilities;
and outcome expectations interact with biomedical
and personality traits, feelings, lifestyle behaviours,
and environments to influence a person’s disposition
to adopt or maintain involvement in physical
activity.
Environmental
Availability of gym
Physical
It is not always positive, exercise has harms including sudden cardiac death, related sports injury
