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Biology > Exercise - Overdoing It > Flashcards

Exercise - Overdoing It Flashcards

1
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Death of a cell and all of it’s contents

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2
Q

Why is the cell apoptosis likely to have a better outcome than cell lysis in the case of cells infected by virus, such as one that causes VRTIs?

A
  • Apoptosis destroys the virus inside the cell

- Cell lysis would split open the cell, releasing any virus inside

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3
Q

Describe and explain the effects of moderate exercise on immunity

A
  • Increases number and activity of a lymphocyte called Natural Killer Cells
  • These are found in blood and lymph
  • Provide non-specific immunity against cells invaded by viruses and cancerous cells
  • They are activated by cytokines and interferons
  • Release the protein perforin which forms pores in the target cell’s membrane
  • These pores allow other molecules, such as proteases, to enter the infected cell and cause apoptosis
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4
Q

Describe and explain the effect of vigorous exercise on immunity

A
  • The number of natural killer cells, B cells, phagocytes and T helper cells decreases
  • Decrease in T helper cells reduces the amount of cytokines available to active lymphocytes
  • This results in less antibodies being produced
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5
Q

What are the main features of the non-specific immune response to infection?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antimicrobial proteins
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6
Q

How will the action of T killer cells be affected by vigorous exercise?

A
  • Fewer T-helper cells due to exercise
  • Less cytokines produced
  • Cytokines activate T-Killer cells
  • Less T-Killer cells will be activated
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7
Q

Explain the idea that moderate exercise enhances immunity, while excessive exercise suppresses it

A
  • Moderate exercise increases the number of natural killer cells
  • Intense exercise reduces the amount of natural killer cells, B cells, phagocytes and T-Killer cells
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8
Q

What is arthroscopy?

A

Key hole surgery

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9
Q

Give advantages of key hole surgery over regular surgery

A
  • Less bleeding due to smaller incisions
  • Less scarring
  • Less pain and quicker recovery time as less damage is done
  • Shorter stay in hospital
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10
Q

How can cruciate ligaments be repaired using key hole surgery?

A
  • Damaged cruciate ligament can be removed and replaced with a graft of ligament
  • This is done through a small incision in the knee
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11
Q

Describe the normal role of a tendon

A

-Tendons connect muscle to bone

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12
Q

Suggest two reasons why a tendon used to repair a ligament is taken from the same injured joint

A
  • Only one operation required

- No immune response as the tendon is from the same person

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13
Q

Ligaments are more elastic than tendons. Suggest what advice a footballer who has has a torn ligament in her knee replaced with one of her tendons might be given to help her get fit again

A
  • Tendon less elastic than ligament
  • So knee must be gently exercised to stretch the tendon
  • Avoid overstretching
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14
Q

Suggest why removing a tendon to use as a ligament would not cause any problems

A
  • Muscles usually have more than one attachment to bones
  • Removal of one tendon means there are still other tendons attaching the muscle to the bone
  • The remaining tendons get stronger so the tendon that was removed does not cause any weakness
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15
Q

What is a prosthesis?

A

An artificial body part used by someone with a disabilities to enable them to regain some degree of normal function/appearance

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16
Q

What are articulated prostheses?

A

Prosthetics that contain joints

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17
Q

When might using an articulated prosthesis be better than using a non-articulated prosthesis?

A

-On uneven surfaces

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18
Q

Explain how a damaged knee joint can be replaced by a prosthetic joint

A
  • Surgeon makes an incision in the knee
  • The patella is moved out of the way and the ends of the femur and tibia are trimmed to fit the prosthesis
  • The metal, usually Titanium, prosthesis is placed on the end of the femur and attached to the tibia and patella
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19
Q

Give the benefits of enough exercise

A
  • Increased arterial vasodilation lowers blood pressure - this reduces risk of CHD and strokes
  • Increases the level of HDLs in the blood - more cholesterol is transported to the liver to be broken down
  • Reduces LDLs in the blood which reduces the risk of CHD and strokes
  • Use of energy maintain a healthy weight
  • Improved glucose regulation due to muscles being more sensitive to insulin - reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes
  • Increases bone density - reduces chances of osteoporosis
  • Reduces the risk of some cancers
  • Improves metal well-being
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20
Q

What are the risks of not doing enough exercise?

A
  • CHD
  • Strokes
  • Cancer
  • Obesity
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Osteoporosis
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21
Q

When is a person considered obese?

A

When their BMI is over 30

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22
Q

How can not doing enough exercise lead to type II diabetes?

A
  • High blood glucose levels due to glucose not being used up in exercise
  • This reduces sensitivity of cells to insulin
  • Less insulin produced
  • Body cells do not respond to insulin produced
  • Blood sugar levels cannot be controlled
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23
Q

Why might type II diabetes, developed from not doing enough exercise, might result in weight loas

A
  • Body cells become less sensitive to glucose in the blood
  • As a result there is a decreased absorption of glucose from the blood
  • Cells break down fatty acids and proteins for energy instead
  • Muscles are made from proteins
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24
Q

Where are your cruciate ligaments?

A
  • Middle of the knee

- Connect your thigh bone to your lower leg bone

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25
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers, released directly into the blood from endocrine glands

26
Q

What is the difference in structure of endocrine glands and exocrine glands?

A

-Endocrine glands don’t have ducts

27
Q

Why are hormones produced in an inactive form or packaged within vesicles in the Golgi apparatus?

A

So the cells producing the hormone is not affected by it

eg a cell that produces the human growth hormone would not want to be continuously growing

28
Q

How would a hormone be released from a vesicle inside a cell?

A
  • The vesicle would fuse with the cell surface membrane

- The contents, the hormone, is released by exocytosis

29
Q

Which hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?

A
  • Growth hormones
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone
  • Antidivetic hormones
30
Q

Which hormone is produced in the thyroid gland? What does it do?

A
  • Thyroxine

- Raises basal metabolic rate

31
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

The adrenal gland

32
Q

What effects does the adrenaline hormone have on the body?

A
  • Raises basal metabolic rate
  • Dilates blood vessels
  • Prepares body for action
33
Q

Which hormone is produced in the pancreas?

A

Insulin

34
Q

Give the two methods a hormone used to modify a cell

A
  • Enter the cells directly

- Bind to complementary receptor molecules on the outside of the cell membrane

35
Q

What brings about change in a cell?

A

The activation or inhibition of enzymes

36
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

Protein chains, varying from about 10-300 amino acids in length

37
Q

Why can’t peptide hormones pass through cell membranes, despite being small in size?

A

They are charged

38
Q

Explain how a hormone can still affect a cell when it cannot enter it

A
  • Peptide hormones binds to a complimentary receptor on the cell membrane
  • This activates a second messenger located in the cytoplasm of the cell
  • The second messenger activates enzymes or transcription factors
  • This directly or indirectly affects gene transcription and brings about chemical change in a cell
39
Q

Name three peptide hormones

A
  • EPO
  • Human growth hormone
  • Insulin
40
Q

Why do steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane?

A
  • They are lipid-based

- So they dissolve

41
Q

Most hormones travel all round the body in the blood, and will come into contact will many cells. Why do hormones only produce a response within cells of the target organs?

A
  • Hormone binds to complementary receptor to bring about response
  • Only the correct cells will have the correct receptors
42
Q

Explain how a gene can be activated​

A
  • Transcription factors bind to promotor region
  • This forms a transcription initiation complex
  • RNA Polymerase then binds to the complex
  • Transcription takes place and mRNA is synthesised
43
Q

Suggest how fungal genes may be expressed and effect behaviour

A
  • Transcription factors bind to promotor region
  • This forms a transcription initiation complex
  • RNA Polymerase binds
  • Gene activated
  • mRNA produced by transcription
  • Translation on ribosomes produce proteins which effect behaviour
44
Q

What can testosterone act as when referring to transcription factors?

A

An activator molecule

45
Q

How would testosterone, an activator molecule, enable transcription?

A
  • Enters cell through membrane
  • Binds to transcription factor which removes the inhibitor
  • The transcription factor is now active and can bind to the promotor region along with RNA Polymerase
46
Q

Name three performance enhancing hormones, where they are produced and what effect they have

A
  • Human growth hormone - pituitary gland - stimulates growth which increases muscle mass
  • EPO - Adrenal glands - Stimulates red blood cell production
  • Testosterone - Testis in men, adrenal gland in both men and women - produces male characteristics/increases muscle mass
47
Q

What is testosterone an example of?

A

A steroid hormone

48
Q

What is the steroid hormone testosterone made from?

A

Cholesterol (lipid)

49
Q

How does testosterone increase muscle mass?

A
  • Testosterone binds to receptors in the cell’s cytoplasm
  • Modifies gene expression
  • This increases protein synthesis, an anabolic reaction, in muscle cells
  • More proteins made, increasing size and strength of muscles
50
Q

Why are anabolic steroids such as nandrolone used by body builders instead of injecting testosterone?

A
  • Testosterone breaks down quickly
  • This means it is not effective at muscle development
  • Anabolic steroids are modified to not break down as quickly
51
Q

How does EPO enhance performance?

A
  • Stimulates the formation of new red blood cells in the bone marrow
  • Increased red blood cell count means more oxygen can be transferred to muscle cells
  • Longer period of aerobic respiration possible
52
Q

Suggest how EPO might stimulate formation of new blood cells

A
  • Unspecialised stem cells in bone marrow divide and differentiate to form red blood cells
  • EPO binds to receptors on target cells
  • This alters gene expression
  • Altered gene expression can lead to transcription forming enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of haemoglobin
53
Q

Why is EPO not taken by sprint athletes?

A
  • Sprinting involves anaerobic respiration

- EPO increases aerobic respiration as it increases red blood cell count

54
Q

What is meant by thrombosis?

A

Blood clots in arteries and veins

55
Q

EPO is a natural substance but can also be taken by an athlete. Why would it be important to distinguish between synthetic and natural EPO?

A

-To determine if athletes are taking EPO as a performance enhancing drug

56
Q

What are the dangers of taking EPO?

A
  • Red blood cell concentration increases which leads to thicker blood
  • This can lead to thrombosis which could lead to heart attacks or strokes
57
Q

What are the dangers of taking anabolic steroids?

A
  • Cause high blood pressure
  • Liver damage
  • Kidney damage
  • Decreased sperm production
  • Heart disease
58
Q

Provide arguements for and against using performance enhancing drugs

A

Against:

  • Some drugs illegal
  • Drugs provide an unfair advantage to those who take them over those who don’t
  • Serious health risks
  • Athletes may not be fully aware of the dangers

For:

  • Its down to the individual to decide if the risks are worth the benefits
  • Sport is unfair anyway as some athletes have access to better facilities/equipment
  • Some people may not be good enough to compete without them
59
Q

Name a substance that is performance enhancing but is not banned. Where is it naturally found?

A
  • Creatine

- In meat and fish

60
Q

How is creatine performance enhancing?

A
  • Increases the amount of creatine phosphate (CP) in muscles
  • When CP is hydrolysed, it releases energy which is used to regenerate ATP from ADP, the phosphate coming from the CP
  • Decreases recovery time
61
Q

What type of system would a javelin thrower rely on for energy?

A

ATP/PC system

62
Q

What is myoglobin?

A
  • Globular protein
  • Binds to oxygen
  • Found in muscles only

Biology (20 decks)

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