FINAL Flashcards
MOs include
viruses bacteria algae protozoa fungi
why study micro
start of many food chains
beneficial indigenous microbiota
normal flora
1st person to see live bacteria and protozoa with microscope and report it
anton van leeuwenhoek
created 1st vaccine via smallpox
edward jenner
deprived theory of spontaneous generation
pasteur
significant contributions to germ theory of disease
robert koch
discovered use of dilute carbolic acid/phenol during surgery
lister
accidentally discovered 1st antibiotic- pencilin
fleming
lenses to manipulate light beam
compound light micro
electromagnets to manipulate electron beam
electron microo
calculate total mag
ocular X objective
ability of the lens system to distinguish between 2 adjacent objects
resolution
beam passes through specimen; shows internal structures
transmission em
beam passes over specimens surface
scanning em
more complex w organelles and true nucleus with membrane
eurkaryotes
less complex with no organelles nor true nucleus
prokaryotes
similar in structure and fx to eukaryotic cells; controls entrance and exit of materials
cell membrane
where does cellular respiration occur
cell membrane
how many chromosomes do prokaryotics have
1
small circular molecules of extrachromosomal DNA; antibacterial resistant
plasmids
fx. protein synthesis
ribosomes
peptidoglycan- thick layer
gram +
peptidoglycan- much thinner layer; outer membrane with phospholipid layer
gram -
lose ability to make cell walls; ex.
cell wall deficient bacteria; lyme disease
thick slimy layer secreted outside cell wall
glycocalyx
firmly attached to cell wall and highly organized
capsule
threadlike appendages; fx. movement
flagella
allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces so they can colonize
attachment pili
attach 2 cells and DNA is transferred from one cell to another thru it
sex pili
bacteria having sex
conjugation
certain bacteria form one for survival with decrease moisture or nutrient supply
endospores
most common endospores
bacillus
when the right environment comes along what happens for cells to become active
germinate
one cell splits into 1/2 to become 2 cells
binary fission
time it takes for binary fission to occur
generation time
science of classification
taxonomy
2- part latin name
Genus
species
binomial nomenclature
acellular (nonliving) obligate intracellular parasites
viruses
char of viruses
possess either RNA or DNA
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
virus is in cell but doesnt multiply until triggered; ex
latent virus infection; herpes
short naked pieces of RNA; cause some plant disease
viroids
small infectious proteins; cause fatal neurological animal disease
prions
ex of prions
kuru
MO bible
bergeys manual
contains over 5000 species of bacteria
bergeys manual
how many human pathogens are in the bergeys manual
less than 10%
3 shapes
coccus
bacillus
spirilum
mound of many cells originating from 1 cell
colony
what is motile and non motile
cocci nonmotile; bacili and sprillum are motile
very important in IDing bacteria
gram stain
crystal violet
iodine
alcohol
safranin
gram staining
gram pos- purple
gram neg- pink
WHY
gram - loses crystal violet w decolorizer bc of cell wall thickness and structure
require lots of o2
obligate aerobes
grow best with lower levels of o2
microaerophiles
can grow w or without o2
faculative anaerobes
grows best without o2 but can tolerate o2
aerotolerant anaerobes
can only grow without o2
obligate anaerobes
causes disease or not
pathogenicity
obligate intracellular parasites; pathogenic
rickettsias and chlamydias
diseases via arthropod vectors
rickettsia
energy parasites; transferred via inhalation or direct contact
chlamydia
smallest of cellular microbes; no cell walls and no distinct shape
mycoplasmas
what are algae
photosynthetic and aquatic
causes red tides and many produce neurotoxins
dinoflagellates
how are protozoa split up
based on locomotion
some saprophytic and some parasitic
fungi
normally harmless until host is vulnerable
opportunistic
ex of fungi
yeasts
fungal infections of humans
mycoses
combo of alga and fungus living together and appear to be one organism
lichens
worms
helminths
2 groups of helminths
round worms
flat worms
segment of chromosome with directions to make one particular protein
gene
why is genetic variability in MOs important
improve species chance for survival
change in nucleotide sequence of a gene
mutation
process that leads to new combos of genes on a chromosome
recombination
a change in the char of a cell caused by a change in the DNA that is transmissible to the offering
mutations
enables MO to be antibiotic resistent
beneficial
leads to production of nonfunctional enzymes
harmful
have no effect on cell; neutral
silent
mutations that occur random and naturally
spontaneous
occurs after exposure to mutagens
induced
exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells
recombinations
putting new genes into cells thus causing it to make a new gene product
genetic engineering
insertion of a normal gene into cells with a defective gene to correct it
gene therapy
most common method for inserting genes into cells
viral delivery
phages injects DNA into cell; cell can now produce gene products coded for by phage genes
lysogenic conversion
phage infects donor cell; phage DNA causes bacterial chromosome to break up; during phage assembly, piece of bacterial DNA gets picked up by phage and it infects recipient bacterium and injects its DNA; donor DNA combines
transduction
recipient cell takes up small piece of donor DNA from environment; donor DNA recombines with recipient DNA
transformation
donor cell attaches to recipient cell via sex plus; some of donors genetic material is transferred through hollow sex plus to recipient cell
conjugation
name 2 factors the affect MO growth
pH
temp
all living organisms require what for basic metabolism; besides endospores
h2o
temp that MO grows best
optimal growth temp
MOs prefer close to neutral pH
7.0-7.4
where can acidophiles be found
stomach
where can alkaliphiles be found
intestines
what inhibits growth of MOs
salts
some thrive with increase atmospheric pressure
barophiles
contains special nutrients to help growth fastidious MOs
enriched medium
encourages growth of some and surpasses growth of other MOs
selective medium
distinguishes between different groups of bacteria
differential medium
why is it important to know the number of bacteria in a specimen
it tests the contaminants in drinking water, milk, foods
4 phases of bacterial pop growth
lag phase
log phase
stationary phase
death phase
no increase in cell number; no division
lag phase
max growth rate
log phase
number of live cells stay constant
stationary phase
decrease in number of viable population
death phase
devoid of microbial life- including cells, spores, and viruses
sterilization
kills/removes pathogens from nonliving objects
disinfection
type of disinfection of liquids
pasteurization
chemical to disinfect skins and other living tissues
antiseptics
decrease in MO population to levels considered safe but public health standards
sanitation
kills MOs
microbial agents
inhibit growth and reproduction of MOs
microbistatic agents
freeze drying
lyophilization
another term for baking
dry heat
2 methods to inhibit MOs
heat and cold
burning via transfer loops
incineration
another name for drying
desiccation
used to sterilize heat sensitive material; operating rooms
filtration
remove o2 they die
aerobes and microaerophiles
add o2 and they die
obligate anaerobes
chemical agents to inhibit MOs
soaps and detergents
heavy metals
skin antiseptic; disinfectant for thermometers, stethoscopes, etc
alcohols
surface disinfectants
phenols
clean puncture wounds and disinfect contacts;h2o2
oxidizing agents
sterilizes items increase temps would harm
gaseous ethylene oxide
treatment of disease with chemical substance
chemotherapy