Final Exam- Social and Stress Flashcards
Describe Norms
customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture
Describe Conformity
the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it.
What is Obedience?
the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do.
What are two methods of persuasion?
Systematic persuasion – change in attitudes brought about by appeals to reason. Central Route.
Heuristic persuasion – change in attitudes that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion. Peripheral Route.
Describe Cognitive dissonance.
an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her action, or beliefs.
To relieve ourselves of this tension we bring our attitudes closer to our actions
Define the Fundamental Attribution Error.
The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situation in analyzing behaviors of others.
What situational influences can make people more aggressive?
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis – a principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted.
Similar to frustration, other aversive stimuli such as pain, odors, social exclusion, and heat, can lead to more aggression.
What is deindividuation?
occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
Define Social Loafing.
The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually.
Describe the “Bystander Effect.”
less likely to help when other people are around.
What is groupthink and under which conditions can it get worse?
the tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.
Often prevents people from voicing dissent.
Define the Mere Exposure Effect.
the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure.
Can happen unconsciously.
Describe the difference between passionate love and companionate love.
Passionate love – an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.
Rapid onset, reaches peak quickly, diminishes within months.
Companionate love – an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being.
Grows slowly, doesn’t always end.
What are some common stressors (including chronic stressors)?
- negative events/positive events
- chronic stressors- discrimination, money, school
- perceived control over events
What are the physical reactions to stress (fight or flight, GAS, immune system, cardiovascular health)?
Fight or flight response- an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action.
GAS- a 3-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.
Immune System – a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
cardio- Chronic stress changes makes us vulnerable to heart disease; type a personality; cortisol buildup in heart
