BIOSCI 107 Blood and Immune Short Answers Flashcards
What are the 2 Factors Ensured by Blood Pressure?
Even/efficient flow through small capillaries, low enough to prevent capillary leakage but high enough to avoid coagulation.
Which Cells are found in Blood?
Erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid.
Which Proteins are found in Blood?
Albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins.
Which Lipids are found in Blood?
Bound in lipoproteins: HDL, LDL, VLDL.
Which Electrolytes are found in Blood?
HCO3, Na, Cl, Ca, Mg, K, creatine, creatinine.
What are the 6 Major Components of Blood?
Cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins/hormone, glucose.
What % of Blood are Plasma and Red Blood Cells?
Plasma: 55%
Red Blood Cells: 45%
What are the 2 Functions of Albumin Protein?
Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure, binds and transports many small molecules and hormones.
How is Fibrinogen Protein Activated?
Through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin.
What is Blood Plasma?
The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells.
What is Blood Serum?
Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot.
What are Immunoglobulins in Blood?
Diverse repertoire of antigen binding proteins - produced by B lymphocytes.
What is Complement in Blood?
9 proteins that coat bacteria for phagocytosis targeting.
What are Coagulation Factors in Blood?
13 proteins cleaved in an order cascade, resulting in fibrinogen -> fibrin.
What is the Function of Electrolytes in Blood?
Isotonicity and buffering.
What is the Function of Erythrocytes in Blood?
Oxygen transport.
What is the Function of Leukocytes in Blood?
Immune defence.
What is the Function of Platelets in Blood?
Coagulation and tissue repair.
What are the 3 Factors that Drive Haematopoiesis?
GM-CSF, EPO, G-CSF.
What is GM-CSF in Haematopoiesis?
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
What is EPO in Haematopoiesis?
Erythropoietin.
What is G-CSF in Haematopoiesis?
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
What is the Function of GM-CSF in Haematopoiesis?
Stimulates production of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes.
What is the Function of EPO in Haematopoiesis?
Drives production of erythrocyte precursors.
What is the Function of G-CSF in Haematopoiesis?
Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils.
How is the Association and Dissociation of O2 from Heme Regulated?
By the partial pressure of O2.
Why do Cells need Oxygen?
For use in the mitochondria.
What does Complement consist of?
A proteolytic activation cascade.
What is the most Abundant Complement Component in Serum?
C3.
Which Process is needed for Phagocytosis to occur?
Deposition of complement.
What is Opsonisation?
Complement coating.
What are Convertases?
Deposited complexes.
How are Convertases Bound?
Irreversibly bound though a covalent bond.
What are Anaphylotoxins?
Powerful chemoattractants produced through cleavage of C3, C4 and C5.
What is the MAC?
Membrane Attack Complex - a lytic port that cause some bacteria to lyse.
How is the Intrinsic Pathway Triggered?
By contact with surfaces.
How is the Extrinsic Pathway Triggered?
Tissue damage.
Which Enzyme is Common to Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways?
Factor X (10).
What is Thrombin?
The enzyme that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin, which then cross-links.
What do many Parasites rely on?
The inhibition of Thrombin due to their powerful anti-coagulants.
What is Plasminogen?
A zymogen converted to active plasmin that dissolves a clot.
Which Plasminogen Activators are used to Treat Thrombosis?
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) or Streptokinase.
What does Innate Immunity do?
Provides an immediate response to pathogen challenge.
What are the 3 Processes of Innate Immunity in Mammals?
Complement, myeloid cells and phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptors.
What are Parasites?
Complex multicellular organisms that require direct killing by chemical mediators released by granuloctyes and mast cells.
What are the 2 Main Bacteria Distinguished by Gram Stain?
Gram positive and gram negative.
What are Gram Positive Bacteria?
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall for defence, requires phagocytosis, not killed by complement.
What are Gram Negative Bacteria?
Thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by outer membrane, can be lysed by complement MAC.