Urban Change Flashcards

1
Q

What does deindustrialisation refer to?

A

This refers to the loss of jobs in manufacturing.

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2
Q

When did deindustrialisation happen in the UK?

A

In the 2nd half of the 20th century.

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3
Q

What had the manufacturing industry been key to before deindustrialisation?

A

It was a key contributor to the growth of urban areas.

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4
Q

What was created by industrialisation?

A

Jobs

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5
Q

True or false: all cities produced the same goods?

A

This is false, each city had its own specialisation.

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6
Q

What had happened by the 1980s?

A

Older industrial cities were facing economic problems due to the decline in manufacturing.

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7
Q

What are the three factors that lead to a decline in manufacturing?

A

Mechanisation
Competition from abroad
Reduced demand for traditional products.

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8
Q

What is meant by mechanisation?

A

This is where machines were used instead of people.

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9
Q

Why was mechanisation common?

A

It was cheaper to use machines than people.

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10
Q

Where was most of the competition from abroad from?

A

Mainly from RICs such as Taiwan, India and China.

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11
Q

What does RIC mean?

A

Recently Industrialised Country

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12
Q

Why was there a reduced demand for traditional products?

A

New materials and technologies were developed.

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13
Q

What were the 3 main positive impacts of deindustrialisation?

A

Lower house prices due to out-migration.
Jobs created in tertiary and quaternary sectors.
Less pollution, both atmospheric and visual, after the clean up.

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14
Q

What type of area bore the brunt of job losses?

A

Urban areas but unemployment figures varied significantly both within cities and between them.

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15
Q

What did inner city areas tend to contain?

A

They contained many of the old types of work place that were more likely to be closed such as old plants with old production techniques, lowest productivity and the most unionised workforces.

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16
Q

What did inner city areas tend to lack?

A

The lacked space for the expansion of existing manufacturing.

17
Q

What did the lack of space in inner city areas lead to?

A

Investment went to the edge of urban areas and more rural locations.

18
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

This is the movement of industry and population away from city centres.

19
Q

When did decentralisation affect the residential and retail land use in the UK?

A

It affected residential and retail land use in the late 20th century.

20
Q

What fuels the growth of the service sector?

A

Population growth
Financial services are still needed to support manufacturing industries.
As societies become more technologically sophisticated, they need a larger range of specialised services to keep them running.
As societies become wealthier, they demand more leisure and retail services.

21
Q

What have many cities in the world seen in regards to manufacturing and services?

A

There has been a large shift in their economic core from manufacturing to service based activities.

22
Q

What has growth in the service sector helped reduce?

A

It has helped reduce unemployment from industrialisation.

23
Q

What 4 problems still exist because of deindustrialisation?

A

Many of the men who lost their jobs because of deindustrialisation still suffer long term unemployment.
Many of the service jobs created are part time and temporary.
The number of service jobs created has not always made up for the lack of manufacturing jobs.
Inner city locations have been avoided by both service industries and new manufacturing companies which had lead to a continued inner city decline.

24
Q

What are the 2 negative environmental impacts of deindustrialisation?

A

Derelict land and buildings.
Long term pollution from “dirty” industries such as dye works and iron foundries which remain a problem because there is a lack of money for land remediation.

25
Q

What are the 5 main negative economic impacts?

A

Loss of income tax, resulting in a potential decline in services.
Increased demand for state benefits.
Loss of income in the service sector as a result of the falling spending power of the local population.
Decline in property prices due to out-migration.
Negative multiplier effect in urban areas that were affected by deindustrialisation.

26
Q

What are the 3 negative economic and social effects of deindustrialisation?

A

Increase in unemployment.
Loss of jobs means a loss of personal disposable incomes.
Closure of businesses.

27
Q

What are the 6 main negative social effects of deindustrialisation?

A

Out-migration, usually by those who are better skilled and more prosperous.
Higher levels of crime, drug and alcohol abuse, family break down and other social problems.
Deteriorating infrastructure.
Higher levels of deprivation.
Reduced maintenance of local housing due to lower personal and local authority incomes.
Loss of confidence and morale in population.