Neuro

Question 1

What brain structure regulates your circadian rhythm and internal clock?

Answer 1

Epithalamus- Part of Diencephalon

Question 2

What does Temporal lobe do?

Answer 2

Primary olfactory
Primary auditory
Impairment= Aggression, antisocial.
Impairment= Receptive Aphasia

Question 3

What does Parietal lobe do?

Answer 3

Primary touch and kinesthesia
Language comprehension
Impairment= contralateral sensory deficits

Question 4

What is the function of the Epithalamus?

Answer 4

Pineal gland: melatonin and sleep regulation.

Question 5

What is the function of the subthalamus?

Answer 5

Regulate movements produced by skeletal muscles/

Question 6

What are the structures of the Rhombencephalon, aka hindbrain?

Answer 6

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Question 7

What is the function of the Pons?

Answer 7

Between the midbrain and medulla oblongata, the Pons regulates respiration rate and orientation of the head to visual and auditory stimuli.
CN: V, VI, VII, VIII

Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulochocular

Question 8

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 8

Regulates respiration rate and heart rate.
Medulla contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
Impairment: contralateral motor impairments.
CN IX, X, XI, XII

Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Hypoglossal
Accessory

Question 9

Superior gemelli vs Inferior gemelli
And Obterator internus

action and nerve

Answer 9

Both gemelli perform the same action of External rotation
Sacral plexus innervation by L5, S1, S2

Obturator internus runs between them both
It also performs ER, but also performs abduction
Sacral plexus innervation by L5, S1, S2 as well

Question 10

What is the compartment of the leg and the action & innervation of Peroneous longus and Peroneous brevis?

Answer 10

LATERAL compartment of the leg *
For Plantar flexion
For Eversion

Superficial peroneal nerve

Question 11

Pectineus OINA

Answer 11

The pectineus muscle (from the Latin word pecten, meaning comb) is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior (front) part of the upper and medial (inner) aspect of the thigh.

Primary function is hip flexion.
The most anterior adductor and internally rotates the thigh.

Question 12

Adductor longus, brevis, magnus

OINA

Answer 12

Obturator Nerve

Adductor longus and brevis are close together (Anterior compartments of hip), they produce adduction and flexion

Adductor Magnus has two portions (Medial and Posterior compartments) is flexion and extension with adduction.

Question 13

Obturator externus

OINA

Answer 13

Obturator nerve

Originates from anterior face of the inferior pubic rami, curving around to attach on the posterior face of the trochanteric fossa of the femur.- hence external rotation

Adduction & External rotation

Question 14

What is the differences between Obturator internus and externus. What is the OINA differences

Answer 14

Both external rotation.

Obturator externus = + ABDuction, with obturator nerve. A specific nerve from the spinal cord. Externus originates anterior and goes posterior.

Obturator internus = + ADDuction, a nerve off the sacral plexus. Internus originates posterior and attaches posterior.

Question 15

Chorea Description

Affected brain structures and etiology

Answer 15

Hyperkinesia with brief, irregular rapid contractions.
Not as fast as myoclonic jerks.
Secondary to caudate nucleus damage.
Ballism is chorea, but includes choreic jerks of large amplitude.
Ballism is flailing movements of the limbs. Usually the result of subthalamic nucleus damange.

Huntington’s disease is associated with chorea.

Question 16

Dystonia Description

Etiologies and affected structures

Answer 16

Sustained muscle contractions that frequently causes twisting, abnormal postures, and repetitive movements. All muscles can be affected.
Often acceuntuated with volitional movement.

Etiologies genetic, environmental, medication, etc.
Common: Parkinson’s, Cerebral Palsy, Encephalitis.

Question 17

Athetosis Description

Etiologies and affected structures

Answer 17

Slow twisting, writhing in large amplitude.
Face, tongue, trunk, and extremities.
Brief motions cause chorea.
Sustained movements cause dystonia.
Associated with spasticity.
Common in: Cerebral palsy, secondary to basal ganglia pathology.

Question 18

Akinesia is commonly seen in what population?

Answer 18

Parkinson’s disease, since Akinesia is inability to initiate movement.

Question 19

What is the VSR reflex?

Answer 19

Vestibulospinal reflex: VSR attempts to stabilize body and control movement. Assists with stability while head is moving, as well as coordination of the trunk during upright postrues.

Question 20

What is the suspensory strategy

Answer 20

Suspensory strategy is used to lower the COG during standing or ambulation to beter contorl the center of gravity.

This is crouching and squatting.

Question 21

Peripheral vertigo characteristics

Duration
Symptoms

Answer 21

Short burst episodes

Autonomic symptoms

Precipitating factors

Pallor, sweating, Nausea, Vomiting

Auditory fullness

Tinnitus

Question 22

Central vertigo characteristics

Duration
Symptoms

Answer 22

Autonomic symptoms less severe in central vertigo than peripheral vertigo

Loss of conciousness

Neurological symptoms: diplopia, hemianopsia, weakness, numbness, ataxia, dysarthria

Question 23

Etiology of peripheral vertigo

Answer 23

BPPV
Meniere's
Infection
Trauma
Drunk
Diabetes DM

Question 24

Etiology of central vertigo

Answer 24

Multiple sclerosis
Meningitis
Migrane headache
Cerebellar degeneration

Question 25

What are the two types of fluent aphasia?

Answer 25

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Conduction Aphasia

Question 26

What’s the difference between Wernicke’s Aphasia and Conduction Aphasia?

Answer 26

Conduction Aphasia lesion is at supermarginal gyrus, arcuate fasciculus. It has intact fluency and good comprehension.

Wernicke’s has impaired comprehension, while conduction does not.

Wernicke has both impaired reading and writing.

Conduction has reading intact, but writing impaired

Question 27

What are four types of nonfluent aphasia?

Answer 27

Broca’s- Intact comprehension
Global- Impaired comprehension. Verbalizes, but usually with impaired context.
Verbal- This is caused by motor planning. found on left frontal lobe adjacent to Broca’s area.
Dysarthria

Question 28

Which muscles are more effected in Myasthenia Gravis? Proximal or Distal?

Answer 28

Strangely, Proximal more than distal

Question 29

What do you have to do for myasthenia gravis as precautions for homecare and what do you look out for?

Answer 29

Respiratory baseline and neurological status

Monitor respiration muscles.

HR only about 20-30 beats from resting baseline.

Observe for myasthenia crisis- respiratory difficulty, swallowing issues, and labored talking and chewing.

Avoid strenuous exercise.
—> This can worsen symptoms

Fall prevention

Use dollar per day rule.

Plan to exercise when pt. is at peak of pyridostigmine.

Moderate intensity only. Residual soreness is okay, but only mild soreness.

Question 30

What causes Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 30

Autoimmune destruction via antibody attack on neuromuscular junction receptors.

Question 31

What are the arteries in the circle of willis

Answer 31

Anterior cerebral
Posterior cerebral
Posterior communicating
Middle cerebral
basilar
Internal carotid connected between the anterior cerebral and posterior communicating

Question 32

What does the circle of willis look like?

Answer 32

Anterior cerebral on top as a base of a triangle, connected by two posterior communicating arteries like the diagonals of an isocelese triangle. the the vertex of by the base of the anterior cerebral arteries is middle cerebral artery.

The basilar connects to the point of the posterior communicating artery.
The posterior cerebral also connects to this point