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bio 213 > chapter 50 > Flashcards

chapter 50 Flashcards

1
Q

whats up with the star nose mole?

A

uses the nose thing to touch, is blind

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2
Q

what is sensory reception?

A

the detection of a stimulus by sensory cells

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3
Q

what is a sensory receptor?

A

describes a sensory cell or organ, can detect outside and internal stimuli, response is to open or close ion channels to change membrane potential to change receptor potential

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4
Q

what is sensory transduction?

A

the conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

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5
Q

what is receptor potential?

A

change in membrane potential

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6
Q

what is transmission?

A

moving sensory information to nerves

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7
Q

what is integration?

A

here information is stored received and processed

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8
Q

what are perceptions?

A

constructions formed in the brain and do not exists outside of it

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9
Q

how does the brain know the difference between different stimuli?

A

what pathway it goes down

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10
Q

what is amplification?

A

strengthening sensory input

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11
Q

what is sensory adaption?

A

decreased response to stimulation (or else brain would overwork)

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12
Q

what are the 5 sensory receptors?

A

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, electroreceptors, thermoreceptor, and nociceptors

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13
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

sense physical deformation through hair (pressure motion, sound)

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14
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

general-transmit info about total solute concentration

specific- respond to individual kinds of molecules

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15
Q

what are electromeagnetic receptors?

A

detect forms of electromagnetic energy like light, electricity, and magnetism

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16
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

detect heat and cold

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17
Q

what is the spicy substance?

A

capsaicin

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18
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

detect painful or harmful stimuli

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19
Q

what do prostaglandins do?

A

makes sure body withdraws from source of pain

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20
Q

what is a statocyst?

A

balance organs in invertebrates (humans do not have)

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21
Q

what are statoliths?

A

grains in a ciliated chamber

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22
Q

how do statocysts and statoliths work to create a sense of gravity and sound in invertebrates?

A

when the organism moves the statoliths resettles, stimulating the mechnoreceptors and gives the animals a sense of balance

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23
Q

how do insects use sound?

A

body hairs respond to sound and it vibrates over their body. different hair stiffness creates different frequencies

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24
Q

what is the pinna?

A

external ear

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25
Q

what is the middle ear?

A

small bones that take vibrations and transmits into oval window

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26
Q

what is the round window?

A

connecting the middle and inner ear, through which sound vibrations of the stapes are transmitted

27
Q

what is the eustachain tube used for?

A

pressure

28
Q

why is the cochlea of unequal thickness?

A

the thick parts detect a higher frequency while a thin part detects a low frequency

29
Q

what do the utricle and saccule do?

A

allows us to perceive position with respect to gravity or linear movement

30
Q

what does the perilymph do?

A

“ear stones” called otoliths press on hair protruding in the gel

31
Q

what is vertigo?

A

dizzy all the time

32
Q

what is BPPV?

A

otoconia dislodged and interferes with normal fluid movement and gives a false signal to the brain

33
Q

what is meniere’s disease?

A

genetic, buildup of fluid. severe ringing in ears

34
Q

what is labrynthitis?

A

inflammation of inner ear, usually after an infection

35
Q

what is the lateral line system?

A

water entering bends cupula, senses movement. also hears sound by sensing vibrations in water

36
Q

what is echolocation?

A

the location of objects by reflected sound, in particular that used by animals such as dolphins and bats.

37
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

light absorbing pigments in sensory neurons

38
Q

how do planarian worms detect light?

A

through their eyespots, they move away from light

39
Q

what are compound eyes?

A

consists of several thousand light detectors called ommatidia

40
Q

what are single-lens eyes?

A

a single lens directs light on a layer of photoreceptors

41
Q

what is the pupil?

A

a small opening

42
Q

what is the iris?

A

changes diameter of pupil to control amount of light taken in.

43
Q

how do fish eyes work?

A

moves lens backwards or forwards

44
Q

how do human eyes work?

A

change shape of lens, more round or flattened

45
Q

what are rods?

A

light and dark, contrast

46
Q

what are cones?

A

color

47
Q

what happens when light strikes the rods and cones?

A

hyperpolarize, shutting off release of glutamate

48
Q

what is the optic chiasm?

A

where 2 optic nerves meet, left visuals are transmitted to the right side of the brain, right visuals are transmitted to the left side.

49
Q

what about nocturnal animals?

A

they need more rods than cones to help their night vision

50
Q

what are the 3 types of photopsins?

A

s (blue) m (green) l (red)

51
Q

how does focusing work?

A

changes shape of the lens

52
Q

for near vision the lens becomes

A

round

53
Q

for long distance vision the lens becomes

A

flattened

54
Q

why do old people need reading glasses?

A

lens becomes stiff, unable to change shape

55
Q

what is the fovea?

A

center of visual field, no rods many cones

56
Q

what are gustation?

A

detection of chemicals called tastants (taste)

57
Q

what are olffaction?

A

smell, detects odorants

58
Q

what are the taste receptors in insects?

A

on sensory hairs on feet

59
Q

what are the 5 tastes?

A

sweet sour bitter salty umami

60
Q

what receptors do taste buds have?

A

have all receptors, but each receptor is specific to 1 taste

61
Q

what is the tapetum lucidem?

A

mirror like layer behind retina, helps with low light vision

62
Q

what are nasal turbinates?

A

highly folded bones in marine mammals that increase smell

63
Q

what is the vomeronasal organ?

A

detect pheromones

bio 213 (19 decks)

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