Chapter 10

Question 1

Relief

Answer 1

Vertical elevation differences in the landscape

Question 2

Topography

Answer 2

The undulating form of earths surface

Question 3

Continental shield

Answer 3

A region where craton is exposed the nucleus of crystalline rock on which the continent grows

Question 4

Crustal formation processes

Answer 4

Seafloor spreading creates new oceanic crust

Subduction below land create new continental crusts

Question 5

Tectonic activity

Three types of stress in the resulting strain

Answer 5

1 tension (stretching) normal fault
2 compression (shortening) reverse fault
3 shear (twisting laterally) strike slip fault 

Surface expressions
1 thinning
2 folding
3 bending horizontally

Question 6

Folding

Answer 6

When convergent plate boundaries intensely compress rocks

Question 7

Anticline

Answer 7

Layers slope downward away from the axis

Question 8

Syncline

Answer 8

Layer slope downward towards the axis

U

Question 9

Faulting

Answer 9

When rock and start are strain beyond their ability to remain a solid unit and rocks are displaced relative to the other side of the fracture

Question 10

Three basic types of faults

Answer 10

Normal reverse and strike slip

Question 11

Normal fault

Answer 11

A tension fault that occurs when rocks or pulled apart
The hanging wall drops relative to the foot wall
The resulting scar on the landscape is a fault scarp

Question 12

Horst and garden

Answer 12

Normal fault
Horst- upward faulted block
Graben - downward faulted block

Question 13

Reverse fault

Answer 13

Compressional fault forces associated with converging plates force rocks (hanging wall) to move upward along the fault plane

Question 14

Thrust fault

Answer 14

When the fault plane forms a low angle with the horizon

Question 15

Strike slip fault

Answer 15

When movement along a fault is horizontal

Question 16

Orogenesis

Answer 16

The act of mountain building through large scale deformation and uplift of crust

Question 17

Three types of orogensis

Answer 17

Oceanic plate continental plate collision
Oceanic plate oceanic plate collection
Continental plate continental plate collision

Question 18

Oceanic plate continental plate collision

Answer 18

Subduction of the oceanic plate create volcanic mountain chains inland example cascades in Andes mountains

Question 19

Oceanic plate oceanic plate collision

Answer 19

Subduction of one oceanic plate creates oceanic volcanic mountains chains and volcanic island arcs example the Philippines

Question 20

Continental plate continental plate collection

Answer 20

Mechanical action large masses of crust are subjected to intense folding overthrusting faulting and uplifting example alps and Himalayan mountain

Question 21

Earthquake

Answer 21

Occurs at the moment a fracture when the fault line shifts and releases energy

Question 22

Epicenter

Answer 22

The area at the surface directly above the focus

Question 23

Moment magnitude scale

Answer 23

Considers the amount of fault slippage the size of the surface area the ruptured and the materials the faulted

Question 24

Elastic rebound theory

Answer 24

Two sides along a fault or locked by friction resist movement this stress continues to build strain which is stored energy like a wound up string

Question 25

When does an earthquake occur

Answer 25

When this strain build up exceeds the fictional lock

Question 26

Seismic gaps

Answer 26

Scientist look at the history of earthquake activity for an area to predict events

Question 27

Volcano

Answer 27

Forms at the end of a central vent that rises from athenosohere through the crust into a volcanic mountain

Question 28

Crater

Answer 28

Circular surface depression usually forms At the summit

Question 29

Pahoehoe lava

Answer 29

Flows easily

Low viscosity

Question 30

Aa lava

Answer 30

Thick 
High viscosity (thick)

Question 31

Cindercone

Answer 31

Hey small cone shaped hill less than 450 m high that forms from the accumulation of ejected cinders

Question 32

Caldera

Answer 32

Forms when the summit material on a volcano collapses inward after an eruption or loss of magma

Question 33

Pyroclastics

Answer 33

Tephra

Question 34

4 location of volcanoes

Answer 34

1 near subduction boundaries oceanic or continental
2at sea floor spreading areas
3 at Continental rift zones
4 that hot spot

Question 35

Effusive eruption

Answer 35

Relatively gentle produce Big volumes of lava see floor spreading, eruptions are This type

Question 36

Effusive eruptions lava and other factors

Answer 36

Low viscosity magma that cools to form basaltic rock
Relatively small explosions and little tephra
Can come from one vent or from side vents also

Question 37

Shield volcano

Answer 37

The shield shaped mountain that effusive volcanoes create

Ex HI

Question 38

Explosive eruption

Answer 38

Usually associated with subduction zones lava is thicker and more viscous so it blocks the conduits and trapped gases build up pressure
Rock that is ejected is lighter than basalt

Question 39

Composite volcano

Answer 39

Comical shape steep sides created from alternating layers of ash and lava ex mount rainier and Mount St. Helens