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Biology > 5B > Flashcards

5B Flashcards

1
Q

what is primary productivity

A

the rate at which producers convert light energy into chemical energy

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2
Q

what is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

the rate at which chemical energy is converted into carbohydrates

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3
Q

what is net primary productivity (NPP)

A

the rate at which energy is stored in plant biomass

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4
Q

what will happen to 90% of the energy stored in glucose

A

it will be released from glucose to create ATP for the plant and it wont be passed on to primary consumers

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5
Q

what is the equation required to calculate the ecological productivity

A

NPP = GPP - R

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6
Q

how to calculate the efficiency of energy transfer

A

net productivity/energy transferred * 100

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7
Q

how to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer

A

biomass transferred / biomass intake * 100

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8
Q

define habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

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9
Q

define population

A

all of the individuals living in a habitat

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10
Q

define community

A

multiple of populations living and interacting in the same area

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11
Q

define ecosystem

A

community and its interaction with non-living organisms in it habitat

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12
Q

what are biotic factors

A

living factors that affect population within their community, biotic factors come about a result of activity of other organisms e.g. predation, food availability and disease

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13
Q

what are abiotic factors

A

non-living factors that effect their population within their community e.g. light intensity and wavelength, temperature and oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration

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14
Q

how does light affect the the community

A

light is used for photosynthesis as light increases the rate of photosynthesis increases

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15
Q

define the term niche

A

the role of a species within its habitat

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16
Q

define the term abundance

A

the number of individuals of a particular specie living in a habitat

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17
Q

why do food chains usually have fewer than five trophic level

A

biomass transfers are not 100% efficient so there is not enough energy to support five levels

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18
Q

define the term distribution

A

where a species live

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19
Q

how does niche accounts for the distribution and abundance of an organism

A

niche in abundance: if two species occupy similar niche they will be competing, their population will decrease therefore their abundance will be lower
niche in distribution: when a specie is not well suited for the biotic and abiotic factor of a habitat they will move therefore their distribution will decrease

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20
Q

what are the two different types of sampling

A

random: the sampling point are selected at random which avoids bias which would affect the results
systematic: the sampling points are located at a fixed intervals at sampling site this avoids missing out sections of habitat and allow investigating the effect of environmental features on species distribution

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21
Q

when is a random sampling site is the best and how sites can be selected

A

when the sampling area is reasonably uniform and can be selected by:
-laying out a grid over the area to be studied
-generating random number co-ordinate
-

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22
Q

how to determine the abundance and the distribution of a species

A
  • frame and quadrats
  • line and belt transect
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23
Q

what is a frame quadrat

A

a square frame to study the distribution of a sessile organisms and have different sizes

24
Q

what does a dynamic ecosystem mean

A

they are constantly changing

25
Q

define the term succession

A

the process of ecosystem change over time which the biotic and abiotic conditions change

26
Q

what is primary succession

A

is the process that occurs when newly formed or exposed land inhabited by an increasing number of species

27
Q

what are the stages of primary succession

A
  • pioneer species land on exposed rock and begin to grow and can withstand harsh conditions
  • as pioneer species die and decompose they form organic soils
  • seeds of small plant land and begin to grow
  • the roots of the small plants helps the soil form being washed away
  • as the small plants die and decompose the soil becomes more rich in nutrients therefore larger plants will grow. the final species that colonise the new land become the dominant species of the complex ecosystem
28
Q

what is a climax community

A

the final community formed

29
Q

why do the biotic and abiotic factor factors change at each succession stage

A

so that the environment can become more suitable for the species that have not colonised the land yet and often they colonise in such a way that it becomes less suitable for the previous species

30
Q

what is the difference between secondary and primary succession

A

at secondary succession the soil is already present so the process begins at a later stage

31
Q

how do human activities affect the climax communities and the process of succession

A

they prevent or interrupt the succession and stops teh climax community from developing. plagioclimax are stable but would not have without human

32
Q

what are the evidence for climate change

A
  • records of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
  • records of average global temperatures
  • records of changing plant communities gained from sampling of pollen grains preserved in peat overtime
  • records of tree growth
33
Q

what is dendrochronology

A

the record of tree growth by analysing the rings in the trunks of trees

34
Q

What is a plagioclimax

A

The climax stage of a community, influenced by humans or some other factors

35
Q

what is a greenhouse gas and what is their effect

A

its a gas that absorbs the re-radiated radiation and traps the radiation to reduce heat loss to the space and this effect is known as the greenhouse effect

36
Q

what is a anthropogenic climate change

A

the increasing levels of carbon dioxide and methane (the changing climate) as a result of human activities

37
Q

what causes anthropogenic climate change (carbon dioxide)

A
  • volcanic eruptions and the weathering of limestone rocks
  • combustion of fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide
  • releasing of carbon dioxide by damaging carbon sinks ( trees, peat bogs, soil and the oceans)
    there is a clear correlation between carbon dioxide levels and increasing global temperature but its not a causation
38
Q

what causes anthropogenic climate change (methane)

A
  • the intensive framing of animals by the release methane from the gut of ruminant animals
  • land fill sites which release methane by the decomposition of food waste
  • Extraction of fossil fuels from underground releases methane
    -Anaerobic bacteria release methane
  • the warming of poles releasing methane
39
Q

how is carbon transferred in the carbon cycle

A
  • carbon dioxide is found in the biomass of an organism
  • carbon is transferred when one organism consumes and digests other
  • carbon is found in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and in the oceans
40
Q

state the events of the carbon cycle

A
  • carbon is present in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide
  • producers remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and add to their biomass as carbohydrates by photosynthesis
  • carbon is transferred from and to consumers by feeding
  • carbon is transferred into atmosphere by plants and animals as a result of respiration
  • carbon dioxide can be removed from atmosphere by dissolving into the oceans which can be taken by plants in the ocean
  • when living organisms die their tissues are broken down by decomposers such as fungi which also respire and release carbon dioxide
  • any living organism that is not fully decomposed can go towards the formation of peat or fossil fuels
  • combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
41
Q

how to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide

A
  • reduce the combustion of fossil fuels
  • reducing the combustion of biomass
  • reducing the disturbance of carbon pools
  • increase the rate of photosynthesis by planting trees
42
Q

what are extrapolated data used for

A
  • to make predictions about global temperatures in the future
  • to produce models that show how the climate may change in the future
43
Q

what can global warming prediction be used for

A
  • plan for future
  • encourage people to change their activities
44
Q

How does increased atmospheric warning have an impact on climate patterns

A
  • weather events become more extreme
  • water availability in some habitats is changing
  • seasenol cycles are changing
  • polar ice and glacires are retreating
  • sea levels have been rising faster in recent years
45
Q

Define biomass

A

The dry mass of all living organisms in an area

46
Q

How do lower temperature prevent reactions from proceeding or slow them down

A
  • molecules will move slowly as they have less kinetic energy
  • since they have less kinetic energy the rate of successful collisions between the substrate and the active site of enzyme will decrease
  • substrate and enzyme collide with low energy so making it less likely to form or break a bond
47
Q

How do higher temperatures speed up the reaction

A
  • molecules move more quickly as they have more kinetic energy
  • increased kinetic energy results in more successful colissions between the active site of enzyme and substrate which leads to more enzyme-substrate complex formation
  • substrate and enzyme collide with more energy which would make it more likely for bonds to form
48
Q

what would happen if an enzyme continues to pass a certain temp.

A

the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction drops sharply as the enzyme begins to denature
- the increased kinetic energy and vibration of an enzyme weakens the hydrogen and ionic bond that hold the enzyme molecule
- the breaking of bond causes the tertiary structure of the enzyme to change
- the active site is permanently and its shape is no longer complementary to the substrate

49
Q

what is a temperature coefficient Q10

A

calculates the increase in rate of reaction when the temperature is increased by 10

50
Q

how to calculate Q10

A

rate at higher temperature/ rate at lower temperature

51
Q

how does enzyme activity affect living organisms

A

-some chemical reactions take place faster at higher temperature ex. photosynthesis produces foods for producers and and other organisms which relies on the function of enzymes like rubisco
- some chemical reaction are slowed down at higher temperatures
- the sex of young inside the egg is determined by temperature
- species may have to change their distribution in response to survive higher temperature

52
Q

define the term evolution

A

changes in the heritable characteristics of living organisms over generation

53
Q

how are heritable characteristics determined

A

there are changes that not inherited ex. plants have leaves eaten do not lead evolution
- the alleles of genes that are present in an individual
- alleles may change as a result of mutation causing them to become more or less advantageous
- heritable characteristics that are advantageous are most likely to be passed on

54
Q

define natural selection

A

the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive, reproduce and pass on their advantageous alleles causing advantageous characteristics frequency to increase within a population

55
Q

what are the steps of natural selection

A
  • variation between different individuals within a population which results in different in DNA base sequences from different sources: mutation, meiosis, random fertilization during sexual reproduction
  • environmental factors that affect survival chances which is said to be selection pressure
  • due to variation some individuals will adapt better for the survival in the face of selection pressure
  • individuals that are well adapted to their environment will make to adulthood and reproduce more offsprings and individuals that can’t survive the environment will produce fewer offsprings
56
Q

What are endemic species

A

A species is found in only one area

57
Q

what is the unit for primary productivity

A

kjm^-2yr^-1

Biology (7 decks)

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