5b. infancy and childhood

Question 1

use it or lose it idea

Answer 1

pruning

Question 2

putting babies to sleep on their backs to reduce crib-death risks

Answer 2

back to sleep positio

Question 3

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 3

cognition

Question 4

a concept or framework that organized and interprets information

Answer 4

schema

Question 5

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 5

assimilate

Question 6

adapting out current understandings to incorporate new information

Answer 6

accomodate

Question 7

from birth to nearly age 2

Answer 7

sensorimotor stage

Question 8

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 8

object permanence

Question 9

until about age 6 or 7

Answer 9

preoperational stage

Question 10

at which a child learns to use language but doesn’t yet comprehend the material operation of concrete logic

Answer 10

preoperational stage

Question 11

before about the age of 6, children lack the concept of ____

Answer 11

conservation

Question 12

the principle remains the same despite changes in shape

Answer 12

conservation

Question 13

the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another POV

Answer 13

egocentric

Question 14

by about age 7, children enter the stage ____

Answer 14

concrete operational stage

Question 15

the stage of cognitive development at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 15

concrete operational stage

Question 16

by the age of 12, entering the stage of _____

Answer 16

formal operational stage

Question 17

at which people began to think logically about abstract concept

Answer 17

formal operational stage

Question 18

order of cognitive stages

Answer 18

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 19

he emphasized how the child mind’s grows through interaction with the social environment

Answer 19

Vygotsky

Question 20

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Answer 20

scaffold

Question 21

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states

Answer 21

theory of mind

Question 22

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by abut 8 months of age

Answer 22

stranger anxiety

Question 23

an emotional tie with others

Answer 23

attachment

Question 24

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 24

critical period

Question 25

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early life

Answer 25

imprinting

Question 26

who designed strange situation experiment

Answer 26

mary ainstworth

Question 27

who had a monkey study about attachement

Answer 27

harry harlow

Question 28

what are the four parenting styles

Answer 28

authoritarian. permissive, neglectful, authoritative

Question 29

parents that impose rules and expect obedience

Answer 29

authoritarian

Question 30

parents that make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment

Answer 30

permissive

Question 31

parents that are neither demanding nor responsive

Answer 31

neglectful

Question 32

parents that are both demanding and responsive.

Answer 32

authoritative

Question 33

parents that exerts control by setting rules but also encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

Answer 33

authoritative