5B - The hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain and cerebral cortex

Question 1

Cerebellum (Hindbrain) - Functions and Damage

Answer 1

Functions:
- receives commands from the cerebral cortex
- The cerebellum is involved in coordinating movement and balance.
- creates muscle memory, e.g. movements
required to ride a bike

Damage:
- lead to issues with balance, loss of muscle coordination and
challenges detecting visual motion

Question 2

Medulla (Hindbrain) - Functions and Damage

Answer 2

The medulla, and pons make up sections of
the ’brain stem’.

Functions:
- control centre for many autonomic
functions e.g. heart rate, breathing,
swallowing, vomiting

Damage:
- can cause death or severe health problems

Question 3

Pons (Hindbrain) - Functions

Answer 3

Functions:
- transmit signals between your forebrain and cerebellum
- involved in sleep, facial expression and
hearing

Question 4

What is the Forebrain and what does it consist of?

Answer 4

The largest part of the brain
- Made up of the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal
gland and the limbic system.

Question 5

Hypothalamus - Functions, location and Damage.

Answer 5

produces hormones that control:
- Body temperature
- Heart rate
- Hunger

Located in the Forebrain.

Damage:

can lead to issues with:
- body temperature
- continuing to feel hunger after
eating
- problems sleeping
- changes in sex drive

Question 6

What is the Cerebrum (Forebrain), what is it responsible for and what does it consist of?

Answer 6

-The cerebrum is the front part of the brain.

• It has a right and left hemisphere.
• Functions of the cerebrum include:
• initiation of movement
• coordination of movement
• temperature
• touch
• vision
• hearing
• speech and language
• judgment
• reasoning
• problem solving
• emotions
• learning.

Question 7

Define What is the Cerebral Cortex, where its located and it’s functions.

Answer 7

• Thin layer of neurons that covers the outer region of the cerebrum
• It is located in the forebrain

Functions:
- memory
- thinking
- learning
- reasoning
- problem-solving
- emotions
- consciousness
- sensory functions.

Question 8

What are the 3 areas of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 8

• Sensory areas receive and process sensory information
• Motor areas initiate voluntary movement
• Association areas link and coordinate the sensory and motor areas.

Question 9

Left Cerebral Hemisphere functions

Answer 9

• Sensory stimulus of the right side of the body.
• Motor controls of the right side of the body.
• Speech, Language and comprehension.
• Analysis and Calculations
• Time and Sequencing
• Recognition of words, letters and numbers.

Question 10

Right Cerebral Hemisphere functions

Answer 10

• Sensory stimulus of the left side of the body.
• Motor controls of the left side of the body.
• Creativity
• Spatial Ability
• Context / Perception
• Recognition of places, faces and objects.

Question 11

What are the 4 cortical lobes

Answer 11

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Question 12

Frontal Lobe

Answer 12

• Largest lobe in each hemisphere
• Important in planning, sequencing
  and execution of voluntary motor
  activity
• Consists of 3 areas: prefrontal cortex,
  premotor cortex and primary motor
  cortex

Question 13

Prefrontal cortex - what it’s involved in and where its located (Area).

Answer 13

• Assosiation Area of the Frontal Lobe

involved in PLANNING the required motor
sequence to carry out:
- voluntary movement
- reasoning
- problem-solving
- emotional regulation
- attention
- symbolic thinking
- initiating and inhibiting behaviours.

Question 14

Premotor cortex

Answer 14

prepares the sequences of movements and sends this to the primary motor cortex

Question 15

Primary motor cortex

Answer 15

sends neural messages to muscles and undertakes
voluntary movement.

Question 16

Broca’s area - Location & Damage

Answer 16

• located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere
• contributes to clear and fluent speech
• sends and receives messages from other parts of the brain involved in language

Damage:
- Broca’s Aphasia - Difficulty in producing speech and forming words.

Question 17

Temporal Lobe and functions

Answer 17

Functions:
-recieves and processes sounds from the ears
- memory
- emotional responses to sensory information
- some visual perception, such as ability to recognise faces and
identify objects

Question 18

Primary auditory cortex - location and functions

Answer 18

• perceives sound and determines high or low pitch.
• Located in the Temporal Lobe

Question 19

Wernicke’s area, Location & Damage:

Answer 19

• located in the left temporal lobe
• helps us to understand words we are hearing

Damage:
- Wernicke’s Aphasia - Difficulty in comprehending speech and producing meaningful sentences.

Question 20

Parietal lobe - what it contains and functions

Answer 20

Functions:
- receives and processes sensory input such as:
- touch
- pressure
- heat
- cold
- pain

• contains the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 21

Primary somatosensory cortex - functions and location.

Answer 21

• Located in the Parietal Lobe
• receives and process sensory information including:
• temperature
• proprioception (position of body in space)
• touch
• texture
• pain

Question 22

skip

Answer 22

.

Question 23

Occipital Lobe Functions

Answer 23

Functions:
- Plays a crucial role in vision

Question 24

Primary visual cortex:

Answer 24

• receives and processes information from visual sensory receptors

Question 25

Aphasia

Answer 25

Wernicke’s Aphasia - Difficulty in comprehending speech and producing meaningful sentences.

Broca’s Aphasia - Difficulty in producing speech and forming words.