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THEME 5 (USSR) > 5C - NATIONALISM > Flashcards

5C - NATIONALISM Flashcards

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1
Q

What did each republic have?

A

Its own supreme soviet and governmental institutions

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2
Q

What in reality was the situation?

A

The soviet communist party in Moscow governed the entire Soviet union and the republics had little independence

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3
Q

Who were the republican govs dominated by?

A

People of each republic

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4
Q

Why were the republics loyal?

A

They owed their power and wealth to the system

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5
Q

Who were the secret police/army dominated by?

A

Russians and kept under strict central control

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6
Q

Why was the encouragement of a superpower status unpopular in non-Russian republics?

A

Because it was based on Russian values/traditions - expected to renounce their existing customs, traditions and languages

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7
Q

What did Gorbachev believe in terms of nationalism?

A

That the citizens had renounced their national identity and had become unite soviet people

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8
Q

What did the social contract under Brezhnev do for the republics?

A

Lives were transformed
Educational investment
Non-Russians got good jobs
Improved SOL

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9
Q

What did Brezhnev allow in the republics following 1964?

A

Right to introduce education in their own language
Increase in the publication of books/newspapers in non-Russian languages
New unis to educate non-Russians

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10
Q

What did Gorbachev and Andropov argue?

A

Effective gov > representative gov
No longer committed to ensuring that the gov of the republics were staffed by local people

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11
Q

What did the anti-corruption campaign do?

A

Sacked local leaders

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12
Q

How did Gorbachev remove non-Russians?

A

Purges of the republican gov
Republics were replaced by Russians - politburo only had one non-Russian

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13
Q

What did Gorbachev’s reforms cause?

A

Resentment
In Kazakhstan in 1986, there were riots over Russian leaders replacing local Kazak leaders

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14
Q

What had economic reforms led to?

A

Decline in economics
Inequalities
Growth of nationalism

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15
Q

Were the republics affected by economic decline?

A

SOL declined or stayed the same
Economic growth was associated with the previous gen of local leaders

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16
Q

What did glasnost do for the republics?

A

Exposed the ways in which Stalin had persecuted non-Russians
Saw how higher the Western SOL were
Nationalist groups could publish material that demanded greater autonomy

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17
Q

What was the Brezhnev doctrine?

A

The soviet union had a right to intervene in the affairs of other European socialist countries in order to protect socialism

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18
Q

When was the Brezhnev doctrine rejected?

A

1989

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19
Q

What was the sinatra doctrine?

A

Redefined the relationship between the soviet union and the eastern European satellite states

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20
Q

What happened in Poland and Hungary after the Sinatra doctrine

A

New leaders won democratic elections

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21
Q

What happened in czechoslovakia and East Germany?

A

Peaceful revolutions against communist rule

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22
Q

When was the destruction of the Berlin wall?

A

9 November 1989

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23
Q

What did democratisation do for the nationalists?

A

Allowed them to fight and win elections

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24
Q

When did Lithuania declare independence?

A

March 1990

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25
What did Gorbachev claim in terms of Lithuania?
That the declaration was illegal and imposed economic sanctions
26
What happened in lithuania?
The sanctions were lifted - there was no resolution
27
What did the law in May 1990 do?
Made the Russian parliament legally superior to Soviet laws
28
What were some symbols of the rise of nationalism?
Re-emergence of the old Russian flag and the double headed eagle
29
By the 1980s how many Russians and non-Russians were there?
145 million Russians and 141 million non-Russians
30
When was the "USSR" created?
1922 in the treaty on the creation of the Soviet union
31
What was the USSR?
A voluntary confederation - anyone had the right to leave the union
32
Under the USSR what did the republics have?
Legally were sovereign states - had entered the USSR voluntarily Agreed to obey the constitution + laws Had the right to secede from the USSR
33
In reality, what did the republics have?
Little, if any, real independence and the communist party worked to ensure it stayed like that
34
When was there growing nationalist unrest?
1988-1990
35
Where did protests break out?
In Karabagh, a region of Azerbaijan
36
Why was there a crisis in karabagh?
Armenian nationalists were there and wanted to unite with Armenia
37
What did Azerbaijan do in response?
Organised a counter campaign - led to violent riots
38
What did Gorbachev do?
Imposed direct rule over Karabagh
39
What was happening in Karabagh?
New groups emerged - led to massacres and mass migration of Armennians Began to denounce the corruption of the Soviet union
40
What happened as a result in Azerbaijan?
The communist party had failed to keep control and the Azerbaijan's demanded formal independence
41
When did Azerbaijan gained independence?
August 1991 - CP were no longer prepared ot intervene
42
What happened in Uzbekistan?
Uzbeks massacred the muslim minorit of Meshketians
43
How did the gov fail in helping the Meshketians?
Failed to restore peace + negotiate a compromise
44
When was the Tbilisi massacre?
9 April 1989
45
Where was the Tbilisi massacre?
In Georgia
46
Why did Soviet troops enter Georgia?
Georgian nationalists were protesting against the rights of Abkhazian minority
47
What happened when the Soviets arrived in georgia?
19 protestors were killed and thousands were wounded
48
What did the Tbilisi massacre lead to?
Outrage and concern among nationalists in all of the republics - the Soviets were prepared to use lethal force
49
How did the government respond to concerns over the Tbilisi mssacre?
Refused to take responsibility - blamed local military leaders Military commanders became unwilling to use force
50
How did Russians respond tot nationalism at first?
Russians had benefitted from the Soviet union Many had indentified with the successes/world power it had achieved
51
How did Russian attitudes to nationalism change after 1988?
Growing demand for change that put Russia first Spurred by a growing environmental movement
52
What had caused the environmental movement?
Chernobyl nuclear reaction Published data that showed Russia was more pulled by Soviet industry than farming
53
How did environmentalists get their point across
Mass demonstrations - unprecedented + indicated how powerful the green movement was
54
What did the 1989 state committee for environmental protection publish?`
Report on high levels of pollution in 16% of the Soviet unions land
55
What was affecting Russia's environement?
Water + air quality Chemical fertilisers Industrial pollution
56
What did increase growth for green issues do?
Undermined the soviet union and aided the growth of Russian nationalism
57
What was the growing ideology over communism in Russia?
Soviet communism was unnatural and had smothered and poisoned nationalist culture like the chemicals from factories
58
What are the 3 Baltic states?
Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia
59
When did Estonia declare itself sovereign?
November 1988
60
What did Estonia do?
Did not leave the union Revived the old flag Educated citizens in the Estonian language
61
How did Yeltsin respond to Soviet force in the republics?
Asked Russian soldiers to refuse to obey orders from the Soviet gov Created a Russian army to defend the Russian republic
62
What did Gorbachev propose?
A reformed union, in which the republics would have greater independence
63
What did Gorbachev hoped his union stimulate?
Strength for himself, by winning popular support for a reformed union
64
How many of the republic refused to participate
6
65
What % of voters in the republics backed a new union
76%
66
When was the first treaty draft of the new union?
Mid July - agreed by the leaders of 8 Soviet republics
67
When did Gorbachev announce that the treaty would be signed?
21 August
68
What were the satellite states?
East Germany Czechoslovakia Hungary Poland Romania Bulgaria
69
What were the Soviet republics
Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
70
Who didn't support the new union treaty?
The hardliners in the party
71
What did conservatives think of the treaty?
Allowed the republics to have too much power
72
What happened on the 18 of August 1991?
8 senior communists announced the establishment of an emergency committee, which would replace Gorbachev's gov
73
Who was the emergency committee led by?
Gorbachev' deputy, the head of the army + KGB
74
What did the emergency committee annouce?
That Gorbachev had resigned
75
What did Yeltsin do in terms of the coup?
Called a general strike to resist the coup - stop the break up of the Soviet Union + restore law and order
76
How did the coup collpase?
The soldiers refused to arrest Yeltsin - Yeltsin demanded Gorbachev's return to power Without the support of the army, he emergency committee could not continue
77
When did the Coup collpase?
21 August
78
What were the consequences of the coup for Gorbachev?
His position was weakened Declared he still had faith - remained committed to renewing the party
79
Why had the public lost faith?
Glasnost - able to criticsise/see info about the communist gov
80
When did Yeltsin suspend the CP?
23 August
81
When did Yeltsin ban the CP?
6 November
82
Who established independence?
Out of fear, that the emergency committee would re-etablish a communist dictatorship led the republics of Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzsn to declare their independence
83
What was Gorbachev forced to recgonise?
The independence of the 3 Baltic states
84
What did Yeltsin propose?
The creation of the commonwealth of independent states
85
What was the Minsk agreement?
Soviet Union had been replaced by the commonwealth of independent states
86
Who was the Minsk agreement signed by?
Yeltsin and the leaders of belorussia
87
How many former Soviet republics joined the CIS?
11/15
88
When did the republics join the CIS?
21 December 1991

THEME 5 (USSR) (5 decks)

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