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General Psychology 101 > 6-10 > Flashcards

6-10 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

A change in behavior because of an experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

The three types of learning

A

Classical and Operant conditioning, and Observational Learning

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3
Q

Occurs when we come to associate two stimuli with each other

A

Classical Conditioning

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4
Q

Learning through consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

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5
Q

Learning through an observation

A

Modeling/Observational Learning

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6
Q

Types of Stimuli in Classical Conditioning

A

Unconditioned & Conditioned response and stimuli

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7
Q

A natural response to something (the dog seeing food)

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

A natural response to the stimulus (the dog salivating at the food)

A

unconditioned response

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9
Q

A stimulus paired with another (the bell)

A

Conditioned stimulus

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10
Q

A response associated with the learned stimulus

A

Conditioned response (salivating to the bell)

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11
Q

A child was brought to a laboratory by John Watson. He was tested through Pavlova’s Conditioning and Learning methods with rats and the conditioned response of ‘fear’. Who was this?

A

Little Albert

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12
Q

How do you remedy a Conditioned Response?

A

Present the Unconditioned stimulus without the Conditioned stimulus over time.

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13
Q

What process is listed? - Fearfulness, the first period of extinction, spontaneous recovery, the second period of extinction. -

A

Period of Extinction

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14
Q

When you relate the Conditioned stimulus and response with other things similar (Albert relating cotton to the white mouse)

A

Generalization

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15
Q

Things that don’t trigger a Conditioned Response due to a lack of similarity to the Conditioned Stimuli

A

Discrimination

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16
Q

When Conditioned Stimuli and Unconditioned Stimuli are combined, what happens?

A

Conditioned Response (Taste Aversion)

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17
Q

An irrational fear of something

A

Phobia

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18
Q

When one associates a behavior with an outcome (reinforcement/punishment)

A

Instrumental Conditioning

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19
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A behavior adds a positive stimulus (good grads –> money)

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20
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When a behavior removes an aversive stimulus (good grads –> no chores)

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21
Q

Positive Punishment

A

When a behavior adds an aversive stimulus (bad behavior –> more chores)

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22
Q

Negative Punishment

A

When a behavior removes a desired stimulus (bad behavior –> no phone)

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23
Q

Reinforcement all of the time

A

Continuous reinforcement

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24
Q

Reinforcement some of the time

A

Partial reinforcement

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25
Reinforcement after specific number of responses is made (time doesn't matter) (punch cards)
Fixed Ratio
26
Reinforcement after specific amounts of time pass (Paychecks)
Fixed Interval
27
different outcomes for the input effort (slot machines)
Variable Ratio
28
Reinforcement given after varying amounts of time (fishing)
Variable Interval
29
The intensity varies, and you have to enforce it right after the behavior. Consistency matters, and should be paired with reinforcement after the good behavior happens.
Properties of Punishment
30
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
Memory Functions
31
The recollection of a past event
Memory
32
Memories that are kept for short periods of time and based on sight and hearing. This lasts for a fraction of a second or goes to short-term memory. Active thought.
Sensory Store
33
Holds immediate experiences that are about 15-30 seconds, and can hold 5-9 things at once
Short-Term Memory
34
Not permanent, and can be lost over the years. Limitless in its capacity in relation to time. Can be Acessable or Available.
Long-Term Memory
35
Available VS Acessable Long-Term Memories
Available memories are what you have in your storage, and Accessible memories are what you can access and/or remember clearly.
36
Memories you are consciously aware of
Explicit Memories
37
Memories that are specific and factual (3+3=6)
Semantic Memories
38
Memories of life experiences that play similar to movies (events)
Episodic Memories
39
Unconscious and Procedural memories
Implicit Memories
40
Memories of moving your body in a certain way (muscle memory)
Procedural Memories
41
Something that can trigger a past memory, the environment or state of your body (external/internal context)
Retrieval Cues
42
Memory works best when context during the encoding process matches context during the retrieval process (studying in same place you take a test in)
Encoding Specificity
43
Memories that are ingrained in your brain permanently. These are detailed episodic memories (trauma), the response of your hormones kicking in, and can be altered or become fuzzy.
Automatic Encoding (Flashbulb Memory)
44
Memories are not replayed, but they are built. This means that they may be different every time they are recalled
Memory Construction
45
Ways to remember things, such as Acronyms, Arostic, and Loci methods.
Mnemonic Devices
46
Encoding Failure, Decay, Inadequate memory, interference, or purposeful neglect.
Reasons we forget
47
Part of a healthy memory system
Adaptive forgetting
48
Memory loss too extensive for everyday forgetting
Amnesia
49
Anterograde Amnesia
Memory loss for events after a trauma
50
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory loss for events before a trauma
51
Places where memories go, stored in many places of the brain
Engram
52
Gradual process of forming new memories (some faster than others)
Consolidation
53
The man with 30-second memory. Inexplicit memories have survived, and he remembers his wife.
Clive Wearing
54
The shifting/movement of the brain inside of your skull, sometimes causes memory loss, sensitivity, and headaches. The more times this happens, the worse the results each time.
Concussion
55
Form of dementia, but not the only form. The Gyri get smaller as the Sulci get bigger. The most notable symptom is a lapse in memory. The expected life span after the first signs is only 7 years. The biggest risk factor is age.
Alztimers
56
A procedure used to guarantee a correct answer, often is not practical. (put every 4 digit code possible until you find the correct one)
Algorithm
57
Rule of thumb, with no guarantee for a correct answer.
Huristic
58
Solving problems by combining new ways of thinking
Creativity
59
The problem has only one answer
Convergent thinking
60
The problem has many answers
Divergent Thinking
61
Who developed the first intelligence tests by measuring a specific equation?
Alfred Binet
62
IQ=MA / CA x 100 (mental age, chronological age, and intelligence quantity) where MA and CA were often (but not always) the same. The mean would equal the spread of the data
Alfred Binet's equation for intelligence
63
The rule where if one's IQ is below 70, they are considered to be mentally disabled
68-95-99.7 rule
64
A child who does well in one category, they will generally do well in other categories. You draw knowledge from the G-Factor
Spearman's Theory Of Intelligence
65
The most commonly used score to find your IQ around the world
Wechsler's Adult Intelligence Score
66
Theory that there are multiple forms of intelligence where we can pull multiple skills from a variety of 'pools'
Garden Theory
67
IQ Less than 70. Often benefit from various levels of assisted schooling. Mild and Profound levels
Intellectual Disability
68
IQ more than 130. Genius' often reach nearly 145
Giftedness
69
Genetics versus Environmental Impact
Nature and Nurture
70
Identical twins where one egg split into two, creating two people with the exact same DNA
Monozygotic Twins
71
Twins who share 50% of the same DNA. These kinds of siblings are genetically no more similar than two siblings born years apart.
Dizygotic Twins
72
A vital part of communicating ideas into words.
Speaking
73
Taking words and turning them into ideas
Listening
74
A method of communication that can be verbal, written, or sign
Language
75
A loss of ability to understand or express speech, often caused by brain damage
Aphasia
76
The motor speech area of the brain
Brocas Area
77
A degenerative brain disorder caused by lack of Vitamin B1 (can be caused by alcohol)
Wernickes (German V)
78
The study of how people change over the course of their life (conception --> death)
Developmental Psychology
79
Psychological changes that occur gradually over time
Continuous changes
80
Psychological changes that happen rapidly
Discontinuous changes
81
Theories from this man include things such as Schemas and a discontinuous formula for developmental psychology throughout childhood (stair steps)
Jean Piaget
82
Mental representations of the world, thoughts, or feelings
Schemas
83
New information being brought into an existing schema
Assimilation
84
New information changing an existing schema
Accomodation
85
Sensorimotor Stage of development (0-2, the development of object permanence)
Piaget Stage 1
86
Preoperational stage of development (2-7, egocentric focus since they cannot see anybody else's POV. The development of imagination)
Piaget Stage 2
87
Concrete Operational stage of development (7-12, the growth of conservation and logical thinking)
Piaget Stage 3
88
Formal Operational (12-Death. The most mature your brain will be able to process and handle information. Abstract thinking is at its prime)
Piaget Stage 4
89
A man who believed development was a social process rather than a step-by-step equation, and that human communication was vital to the development of cognitive thinking
Lev Vygotsky
90
The measure of what you can do alone vs. with someone else.
Zone of Proximal Development

General Psychology 101 (2 decks)

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