6-7 Flashcards by qusqorgus 'ㅅ'

It is a small container or wafer of explosive material used to ignite the gunpowder

primer

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The upper portion of the primer cup which is the complete assembly of priming composition,
paper disk, anvil and vent.

primer.true

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Contains a highly sensitive mixture of chemical compound which when struck by the firing pin
would detonate or ignite

primer

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the process where chemical compound when struck by the firing pin would detonate or ignite

percussion

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Large Rifle and Large Pistol

.210 inches

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Small Rifle and Small Pistol

.175 inches

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Composition of Priming Mixture

Potassium Chlorate – 45 %
Antimony Sulfite – 23%
Fulminate Mercury – 32%

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– the first to conceive an idea of using a detonating compound for igniting
powder charge in small arms by percussion, and obtained a patent for this idea.
- He was then considered as the Father of Percussion.

Alexander John Forsyth

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has ONE vent/flash hole invented by Colonel Edward M. Boxer, a British Army

Boxer primer

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has TWO vents/ flash holes, invented by Colonel Hiram Berdan, a US Army

Berdan Primer

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has THREE vents/flash holes.

. Berdan-Boxer Primer

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used for shotgun shells, a variation of Berdan.

Battery Cup type

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Two Classes of Priming Compound

Corrosive – early primers
Non-corrosive – mostly used at present

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where the priming mixture is crushed by blow from the firing pin

anvil

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a highly sensitive mixture of chemical compound contained in the primer
cup.

Priming Mixture

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piece of small paper or disk of tin foil that contains the priming mixture that is being
pressed over the anvil.

It has 2 purposes:
1) To hold priming mixture in place and
2) To exclude
moisture.

disc

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container of the anvil, disc and priming mixture. This is made of brass, gilding
metal or copper

Primer Cup

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set off with a sharp blow, as when the firing pin strikes the primer
cup.

. Initiator (Lead Styphnate)

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– gives up its oxygen readily. The oxygen is needed to burn the fuel

Oxidizer (Barium Nitrate)

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burns the gunpowder in a very high rate results to the propulsion of bullet.

Fuel (Antimony Sulfide)

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in order to fire before, the gunpowder must have to be ignited

Igniting the Propellant

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the earliest firearms which use closed tubes, that need manual ignition of its
gunpowder

cannons

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a small aperture drilled in the closed end of the tube, leading to the main
powder charge.

touchhole

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touchhole was filled with finely ground powder, which was then ignited with a hot

ember
or torch.

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external priming

Wheel-lock Flintlock Caplock Electric-fired

around the rim

Rimfire

external pin is used in igniting the priming mixture

Pinfire

combination of rim and pinfire, uses a pin that strikes a ring of a priming compound.

Peripheral primer

primer is located at the center.

Centerfire

– no rim. rounded at the rear, with a small "teat" that would protrude through a tiny opening in the rear of the cylinder.

teat-fire

Used by larger military guns and cannon rounds (such as the M50 20mm) utilize an internal electric primer that is activated by an externally-provided electric charge.

Electric-primed

The powder that is used in ammunition in the propulsion of projectile.

Gunpowder (powder charge, propellant, saltpeter, cordite, etc)

Gunpowder in the 19th Century was known as The first known chemical explosives until 1800s. Considered the oldest propellant.

Black Powder

It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter) - with the sulfur and charcoal acting as fuels, while the saltpeter works as an oxidizer.

Black Powder

the unrecognized inventor of gunpowder.

Wu Ching Tsun

an English monk and scientist, credited with the invention of gunpowder (blackpowder).

Roger Bacon (1248)

A German monk was credited for the application of gunpowder for propelling missile.

Constantine Anklitzen (a.k.a. Berthold Schwartz) (1300)

invented smokeless gunpowder with nitrocellulose, a single-base propellant which was called Poudre B (composition of ether and alcohol).

Paul Vielle (1886)

developed smokeless gunpowder and he called it Ballistite, a double-base propellant.

Alfred E. Nobel

obtained a patent of modifying smokeless gunpowder, they called it Cordite.

Frederick Abel & James Dewar (1890)

Black Powder – consists of jet black and shiny grains. Composed of:

A. Potassium Nitrate – 75% B. Charcoal – 15% C. Sulfur – 10%

Smokeless Powder – produces a small amount of smoke. Composed of:

A. Nitrocellulose – 60 parts B. Nitroglycerine – 35 parts C. Vaseline – 5 parts

is the principal ingredient of smokeless powder, invented in 1846.

Guncotton

have SLOW burning gunpowder

Long Arms

have FAST burning gunpowder.

Short Arms

The 1st examination and detection of GSR was done.

1911

Dr. Iturriuz was the 1 st to use Paraffin Wax to collect GSR, from then, it was popularly called today as Paraffin test.

1914

Theodoro Gonzales performed a modified version of the Iturriuz Test using molten paraffin wax on the hands of fire. In 1933, he demonstrated the use of paraffin cast in the Criminal Identification Laboratory of Mexico, USA which was called the Dermal Nitrates Test, Diphenylamine Test and Gonzales Test.

1931

Paraffin test may also be positive if there is the presence of :

Fertilizer Cosmetics Urine Tobacco

Positive result of Paraffin test.

Blue Color or Blue Specks

as stated by Edmond Locard, when two objects come into contact, exchange of materials take place.

Locard’s Principle

Common Areas of Trace Evidence

1. Hands – most common 2. Face 3. Clothing 4. Objects Near the Place of incident

refers to the gunpowder residues that exits on all openings of a FA after discharge.

plumes

with the use of cotton with 5% Nitric Acid Solution, particles maybe collected.

Cotton Swabs

used for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis.

Adhesive Stubs

Evaluation of Crime Scene (Relative to GSR)

1. Time Factor is the most important consideration in dealing with GSR evidence. 2. The standard Time Frame is 3-6 hours from the time of shooting BUT in some cases it may persist much longer. 3. Careful preservation of clothing should be made. 4. The Traditional belief to remove GSR on hands is by application of Vinegar.

Shapes of Trace Evidence

1. They are generally spherical. 2. Particles show overall cracking characteristics. 3. Edges are straight or jagged to partially round.

NAA

Neutron Activation Analysis

ICP-MSP

= Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy Plasma – the most efficient method employed in the analysis of GSR, computerized.

GFAAS

Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy – used in the analysis of inorganic materials in primer residue such as Ba and Sb. .

detects the presence of nitrates and nitrites

Diphenylamine Test –

– detects presence of Lead Styhpnate (pb)

Sodium Rhodizonate Test

detects presence of nitrates in unburned or partially burned gunpowder, this is also used by the investigator to detect the Range.

Walker Test

detects Nitrites

. Greiss test –

both detect nitrites, same with Greiss test

Marshall and Tiwari test

the chemical used to indicate the presence of nitrocellulose.

Lunge reagent

Unlawful Manufacture, Sale, Acquisition, Disposition or Possession of Explosives.

RA 8294, Sec 3

PENALTY ON VIOLATION OF RA 8294 SEC 3

Prision Mayor (Maximum) to Reclusion Temporal and a fine of 50,000.

normally employed as propellants for guns. Undergo deflagration from a few centimeters per second to approx 400M per second.

Low Explosives

also known as double-base powder. Undergo detonation from 914 to 9140 meters per second.

High Explosives

extremely sensitive to chemical shock, friction and heat such as Fulminate Mercury, Lead Styphnate & Lead Azide

Primary Explosive

insensitive to shock, friction and heat because there is a need to expose them to heat or flame to boost their power, like Dynamite (developed by Alfred Nobel), TNT, RDX, PETN and HMX.

Secondary Explosive

are also called blasting agents, such as Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil Mixture.

Tertiary Explosives

6-7 Flashcards

(73 cards)