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AS Physics 6-9 > 6+7: Waves and Quantum behaviour > Flashcards

6+7: Waves and Quantum behaviour Flashcards

(93 cards)

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0
Q

Constructive Interference

A

Crest+crest =big crest

Trough +trough =big trough

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1
Q

Superposition

A

When two or more waves cross the resultant displacement equals the vector sum of the individual displacements

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2
Q

Destructive interference

A

Trough+equal sized crest=Nothing

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3
Q

Incomplete destructive interference

A

Trough+ a different sized crest =not total destructive interference

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4
Q

Waves in phase

A

Both on same point in the wave cycle

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5
Q

Exactly out of phase

A

Phasers point in opposite directions, are at 180 degrees to eachother

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6
Q

Waves are coherent if

A

They have the same wavelength

And frequency and a fixed phase difference between them

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7
Q

Number of wavelengths to be in phase

A

Whole number of wavelengths difference apart only

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8
Q

Standing wave

A

The superposition of two progressive waves with the same wavelength moving in opposite directions

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9
Q

Standing waves are different from normal waves because

A

No energy is transmitted

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10
Q

Nodes

A

The amplitude of the vibration is zero

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11
Q

Antinodes

A

Points of maximum amplitude

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12
Q

Lowest possible resonant frequency (fundamental frequency)

A

One loop- half a wavelength

A node at each end

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13
Q

Second harmonic (first overtone)

A

Two loops with a node at the centre at at the ends

One wavelength

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14
Q

Third harmonic (second overtone)

A

1.5 wavelengths

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15
Q

Pipe closed at one end

A

L= 1/4 wavelength

Node at closed end

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16
Q

Open pipe

A

Antibodies form at open ends of the pipe

L= 1/2 wavelength

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17
Q

Speed of sound using a resonance tube

A 
Tuning fork(labeled with a frequency)
Fill tube with water and find shortest distance that the sound if fork resonates at
This is 1/4 wavelength

Use v=fL

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19
Q

A progressive waves amplitude

A

All points have the same amplitude

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20
Q

Diffraction with a big gap

A

no diffraction

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21
Q

Diffraction with a medium gap

A

lines are straight with curved edges, still getting bigger

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22
Q

Diffraction with a small gap

A

completely curved lines, getting bigger

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23
Q

why you can hear but not see someone round a door

A

you can’t see someone round a door because the gap is much bigger than its wavelength
You can hear someone because the wavelength is similar to the width of the gap

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24
Q

the narrower the slit

A

the wider the diffraction pattern

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25
the brightest point of diffraction is
the brightest point of diffraction is where light passes in a straight line from the slit to the screen as all the light that arrives there is in phase
26
all the other bright spots (other than the brightest)
a constant phase difference, the phasors point in slightly different directions and thus have a smaller resultant
27
dark fringes
phase difference add to give a resultant of zero
28
coherent sources
same wavelength and frequency (made with the same oscillator)
29
to make two coherent sources with light
one laser light (monochromatic as only one wavelength present) source and two equal slits
30
to find the fringe spaceing you use the equation
wavelength= xd/D x- fringe spacing d- spacing between slits D- distance from slits to screen
31
what is a diffraction grating
youngs double slit experiment but with many slits
32
the angle between the incident beam and the nth order maxima is given by
sin@ = nL/d n- nth order maxima (which line after the center one) L-wavelength d- distance between slits on grating
33
where the diffraction equation comes from
at each slit light is diffracted, each light ray interferes with each other and produce and interference pattern
34
the larger the wavelength
the more the pattern will spread out
35
if d is bigger
sin@ i smaller, the coarser the grating the less the pattern will spread out
36
sin@ >1
impossible
37
speed of light
3x10^8
38
photoelectric effect
free electrons on the surface of a metal absorbs lights's energy, if it absorbs enough energy it can break free
39
photoelectrons are emitted if
the radiation has to be above the threshold frequency
40
energy carried is proportional to
the intensity of the beam
41
EM waves can only be released in
discrete packets called photons
42
Energy carried by a photon=
E=hf =hc/L h-planck's constant 6.63x10^-34 L- wavelength c- speed of light 3x10^8
43
Planck's constant (h)
6.63 x10^-34
44
the higher the frequency of a photon
the more energy it carries
45
work function energy
the amount of energy required to break the bonds holding an electron there
46
line emission spectra
light from hot gass is split with a prism or a diffraction grating
47
continuous spectra
if white light is split up with a prism the colors merge into each other (no gaps in the spectrum) to f
48
line absorption spectra
light with a continuous spectrum of energy (white light) passes through a cool gas. Black lines will appear in the continuous spectra from where wavelengths have been absorbed by the gas these will match up with the colored lines in a line emission spectra
49
to find the right energy level to what it is excited by
do n=1-given energy= energy at which it is excited | n=1 is ground state
50
probability of a quantum arriving
(resultant phasor)^2
51
how to find the frequency of rotation of a photon phasor
f= E/h
52
what happens the longest of the possible phasor paths
they curl up and cancel eachother out
53
the final phasor of the quickest past contributes the most
to the resultant amplitude and the probability of a quantum arriving at a point
54
when light travels in water
slows down keeps the same frequency energy stays the same phasor will still have the same amplitude and frequency rotation whatever material the light is traveliing through
55
What is a concave mirror for
to make sure that no matter what point of the mirror the phasor hits it will have taken the same time( travelled same distance) when it reaches the focal point of the mirror
56
What is a convex lens for
light hiting the thin glass on the edge takes longer than the light hitting the centre. Beacause the light travels slower through the thicker glass the light emergest at the same time, they converge at a focus point
57
wavelength using Planck's constant (as Quantum objects) De Broglie equation
L= h/mv
58
frequency using kinetic energy and Planck's constant
f= e/h
59
Planck's constant
6.63x10^-34
60
If you increase the electron speed
diffraction pattern circles squish together
61
a shorter wavelength gives
less diffraction effects
62
To resolve tiny detail in an image you need
a shorter wavelength light blurs out detail more than electrons do electron microscopes can resolve finer detail than a light microscope
63
How do you know electrons show quantum behaviour
accelerated electrons in a vacuum tube interact with the spaces in a graphite crystal as an electron hits a fluorescent screen, it causes a photon to be released you can see a diffraction pattern
64
electron mass
9.11 x 10^-31
65
power
energy/time
66
signals sound the same pitch
same fundamental frequency same period of waveform lowest frequency
67
number of photons per second
energy/power
68
why some places have bad signal
waves from two transmitters interfere destructively
69
the smallest separation between two places with bad signal
1/2 the wavelength
70
what causes a signal received to fall
the incident and reflected rays interfere destructively
71
the signal variation between maxima and minima
reflected wave path length changes incident is unchanged phase difference change4s from out of phase to in phase
72
minima
lowest resultant wave (no wave formed) after superposition
73
number of electrons=
power / energy
74
units for Ke
Kgm^2 s^-2
75
units for Force
Kgms^-2
76
graph speed from rest falling / time
straight line
77
graph of speed falling from rest / distance
curve getting less steep
78
TRUE OR FALSE | More than one photon must reach the point at once if there is to be destructive interference
FALSE
79
Why can you use S=d/t for a package dropped from a plane for horizontal
moving horizontally with the plane no horizontal force (Acceleration) horizontal component not affected by gravity
80
How standing waves form
waves reflect at ends travelling both directions they superimpose (interfere) and constructively and destructively creates Nodes and AntiNodes
81
Meaning of Frequency
How many vibrations in a second
82
units for ENERGY
J / Nm
83
number of photons=
total energy / energy of one photon
84
difference between probability proportional to
difference between light intensity | difference in amplitude^2
85
a graph with equation x= 1/y has shape
a negative gradient drooping inwards (almost following the axis)
86
Power | for speed and stuff x2
Force x velocity | mass x acceleration
87
Force against resistive forces
Friction
88
example of standing waves
wind instrument microwaves string instruments
89
why would a 0th order maxima appear yellow
made up of other colour wavelength | colours dont split up by diffraction
90
when cant there be a second order maxima
sin@ cant be bigger than 1
91
charge is (similar to energy)
Joules of energy being transferred
92
energy charge voltage =
v= e/Q
93
time period is
the time for one wavelength

AS Physics 6-9 (3 decks)

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