6-8

Question 1

Expenditures related to maintaining law and order, defense, and general administration.

Answer 1

General Public Services

Question 2

Investments in infrastructure, agriculture, industry, and commerce

Answer 2

Economic Affairs

Question 3

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

Answer 3

7

Question 4

Funding for healthcare services, facilities, and public health programs.

Answer 4

Health

Question 5

Expenditures on schools, universities, and educational programs

Answer 5

Education

Question 6

Spending on social welfare programs, pensions, and poverty alleviation.

Answer 6

Social Protection

Question 7

JUSTIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE

Answer 7

5

Question 8

Governments spend to promote the general welfare, ensuring citizens have access to essential services like healthcare, education, and social protection.

Answer 8

Public Interest and Welfare

Question 9

Public expenditures are often justified by their contribution to economic growth, job creation, and the development of infrastructure.

Answer 9

Economic Development

Question 10

Social welfare programs and progressive taxation can be justified as mechanisms to reduce income inequality and provide a safety net for vulnerable populations.

Answer 10

Redistribution of Income

Question 11

Government funding is essential for providing public goods and services that may not be efficiently supplied by the private sector, such as national defense, public safety, and environmental protection.

Answer 11

Public Goods and Services

Question 12

Counter-cyclical fiscal policies involve increased public spending during economic downturns to stimulate demand and support economic recovery.

Answer 12

Cyclical Stabilization

Question 13

EXPENDITURE POLICIES OF THE GOV’T

Answer 13

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Question 14

use of government spending and taxes to shape the economy. boosting government spending or lowering taxes in order to boost aggregate demand and stimulate economic growth during times of recession or low activity

Answer 14

Fiscal Policy

Question 15

provide citizens with the necessary support and resources. It includes support for healthcare systems, education from preschool to higher education, social welfare programs like unemployment insurance and food stamps, and housing programs. These investments are critical for enhancing residents’ well-being, lowering inequality, and boosting social mobility.

Answer 15

Social Services

Question 16

investments in physical structures and facilities that promote economic activity and quality of life.

Answer 16

Infrastructure

Question 17

preserve national interests, protect populations, and maintain peace and stability. includes military personnel, equipment, operations, research, and development. Law enforcement, intelligence services, border security, and counterterrorism activities.

Answer 17

Defense and Security

Question 18

providing cash to monitor and repay government debts. It includes both interest payments on ongoing debt and principal repayments.

Answer 18

Public Debt Servicing

Question 19

provided to specific companies or sectors to help them grow or to decrease consumer costs. -include direct payments or benefits to people or households, such as unemployment insurance, pensions, disability benefits, and social assistance programs. These expenditures are intended to alleviate hardship, eliminate inequality, and promote economic activity.

Answer 19

Subsidies and Transfers

Question 20

allocating cash to safeguard the environment, save resources, and mitigate climate change.

Answer 20

Environmental and Climate Initiatives

Question 21

promotes scientific discovery, technical advancement, and economic competitiveness.

Answer 21

Research and Innovation

Question 22

-Governments set aside funds for disaster preparedness, response, and recovery operations following natural disasters, pandemics, or other calamities. Prompt and effective disaster response is critical to saving lives, safeguarding property, and rebuilding communities.

Answer 22

Disaster Relief and Emergency Response

Question 23

help fund development projects. It may also include humanitarian help in the event of a natural disaster, conflict, or humanitarian crisis.

Answer 23

Foreign Aid

Question 24

Occurances

Answer 24

4

Question 25

an economic practice which is aimed at levelling the distribution of wealth or income in a society through a direct or indirect transfer of income from the rich to the poor.

Answer 25

Income Redistribution

Question 26

They adapt economic policies and strategies like progressive taxation to implement this phenomenon.

Answer 26

Economists / Government

Question 27

Types of Income Redistribution Program

Answer 27

4

Question 28

a system where individuals with higher incomes are taxed at higher rates compared to those with lower incomes. This means that the wealthy contribute a larger share of their income in taxes, which can then be used for social welfare programs and other forms of income redistribution.

Answer 28

Progressive Taxation

Question 29

encompass a wide range of initiatives aimed at providing assistance and support to individuals and families in need. These programs can include cash transfers, food assistance, healthcare subsidies, housing assistance, and education grants. They help to alleviate poverty and provide a safety net for vulnerable population

Answer 29

Social Welfare Programs

Question 30

set a legally mandated minimum wage that employers must pay their workers. By ensuring that workers receive a fair and decent wage

Answer 30

Minimum Wage Laws

Question 31

measures that aim to address wealth disparities by redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor.

Answer 31

Wealth Redistribution Policies

Question 32

transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism

Answer 32

Redistribution of Income and Wealth

Question 33

policies or mechanisms that aim to reduce income inequality by transferring resources from higher-income individuals or households to lower-income individuals or households.

Answer 33

Income Redistribution

Question 34

policies or mechanisms that aim to reduce wealth inequality by transferring wealth or assets from wealthier individuals or households to those with fewer assets or wealth.

Answer 34

Redistribution of Wealth

Question 35

distribution of resources, wealth, or opportunities in a society in a way that aims to reduce inequalities and promote fairness.

Answer 35

Concept of Redistribution

Question 36

how government entities use the funds they collect from taxes, fees, and other sources of revenue. about how governments manage and allocate funds to provide essential services and support the well-being of their citizens.

Answer 36

Utilization of Income

Question 37

government utilizes income to finance its expenditures, which include various sectors such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, defense, social welfare programs, and public administration.

Answer 37

Public Expenditure

Question 38

infrastructure development, research and development, and technology advancements. aims to stimulate economic growth, enhance productivity, and improve the overall well-being of society.

Answer 38

Public Investment

Question 39

The utilization of income also includes managing the government's debt obligations.

Answer 39

Public Debt Repayment

Question 40

Less equal societies have less stable economies. High levels of income inequality are linked to economic instability, financial crisis, debt and inflation.

Answer 40

Economic effects of inequalities

Question 41

At a ____ level, inequality increases ill health and health spending and reduces the educational performance of the poor.

Answer 41

Microeconomic

Question 42

-High levels of inequality can hinder economic growth. When wealth and income are concentrated in the hands of a few, the majority of people have less purchasing power, which can lead to reduced demand for goods and services. This, in turn, can stifle investment and innovation, ultimately hampering economic expansion.

Answer 42

Reduced Economic Growth

Question 43

Inequality often correlates with limited social mobility, where individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds find it harder to climb the economic ladder.

Answer 43

Social Mobility Constraints

Question 44

- Inequality can lead to underinvestment in education and health care among marginalized groups. When individuals lack access to quality education and healthcare, their productivity and earning potential suffer, perpetuating the cycle of inequality and hindering overall economic progress.

Answer 44

Underinvestment in Human Capital

Question 45

-High levels of inequality can breed _____ and social unrest. When a significant portion of the population feels disenfranchised and excluded from economic opportunities, it can lead to political polarization, protests, and even violence, which can disrupt economic activity and scare off investors.

Answer 45

Political Instability

Question 46

Extreme inequality can ___________ and undermine competition. Concentrated wealth can give certain individuals or corporations disproportionate influence over political and economic decision-making processes, leading to policies that favor the interests of the wealthy at the expense of the broader population.

Answer 46

Market distortions

Question 47

- Inequality can lead to ____________ for goods and services, as lower- and middle-income households have less disposable income to spend. This can dampen economic growth, as businesses may struggle to find customers for their products and services.

Answer 47

Reduced Consumer Demand

Question 48

Persistent inequality tends to widen the gap between the rich and the poor, which can have detrimental effects on social cohesion and stability.

Answer 48

Widening Wealth Gap

Question 49

Types of Redistribution

Answer 49

6

Question 50

Inequalities' economic effect

Answer 50

7

Question 51

This refers to government initiatives that use welfare and taxation to transfer resources from higher-income people and groups to lower-income ones in an effort to lessen income disparity.

Answer 51

Income Redistriution

Question 52

This is similar to redistribution of income in that policies target wealthier individuals or groups with taxes, with the proceeds going toward social programs or wealth transfers to less affluent groups in the community.

Answer 52

Wealth Redistribution

Question 53

This entails the redistribution of material or monetary resources, such as capital or land, typically via asset transfer programs, nationalization laws, or land reforms.

Answer 53

Asset Redistribution

Question 54

all of the policies and initiatives designed to guarantee everyone, regardless of socioeconomic background, equal access to opportunities and necessities like housing, work, healthcare, and education.

Answer 54

Social Redistribution

Question 55

Policies like social security systems, which move funds from people in their working years to retirees, are meant to balance resources between generations.

Answer 55

Intergenerational Redistribution

Question 56

Initiatives for regional development, infrastructure improvements, or targeted subsidies with the goal of lessening wealth, income, and development gaps between areas.

Answer 56

Regional Redistribution

Question 57

often includes funding for social services because its goal is to create economic stability and opportunities for society's less affluent people (basically closing the wealth gap).

Answer 57

Income Redistribution

Question 58

describes the socially engineered transfer of income and wealth from some people to others

Answer 58

Redistribution of Wealth

Question 59

can be implemented through land reform that transfers ownership of land from one category of people to another, or through inheritance taxes, land value taxes or a broader wealth tax on assets in general.

Answer 59

Wealth Redistribution

Question 60

tool used by the government to redistribute wealth and promote social equality.

Answer 60

Taxation

Question 61

Two income redistribution strategies

Answer 61

Direct and Indirect

Question 62

-The claim that income redistribution compromises efficacy and fairness is a frequent political defense used against such policies. A government whose main purpose is to provide common services, like as defense spending, does not require as much money, and therefore, higher tax rates, as one whose major anti-poverty measures do.

Answer 62

Income Redistribution Policy

Question 63

-Refer to financial contributions made to infrastructure, healthcare, and education that primarily assist low-income populations.

Answer 63

Public Services

Question 64

-The redistribution of land ownership with the aim of promoting more equitable access to resources and minimizing discrepancies in land ownership.

Answer 64

Land Reform

Question 65

- Government-funded programs that assist low-income people and families, such as food stamps, housing subsidies, and healthcare subsidies.

Answer 65

Subsidiaries and vouchers

Question 66

-Generally, in order to receive benefits during retirement, disability, or survivor status, workers and employers must make contributions to the system during their working years.

Answer 66

Social Security

Question 67

- Ensuring low-income individuals and families have access to cheap healthcare will ease their financial burden and enhance their general financial stability.

Answer 67

Healthcare Programs

Question 68

-Direct payments to households with low incomes, like TANF and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC).

Answer 68

Cash Transfer Program

Question 69

People can boost their earning potential and climb the economic ladder by investing in education and job training programs.

Answer 69

Education and Training Program

Question 70

-These comprise a range of aid to low-income individuals and families, including cash transfers, food stamps, housing help, and unemployment benefits.

Answer 70

Social Welfare Programs

Question 71

-Outright financial aid or subsidies given to particular populations, such senior citizens, families with young children, or people with disabilities.

Answer 71

Progressive Transfer Program

Question 72

-Taxes on accumulated wealth, such as property taxes or inheritance taxes, can help redistribute wealth from the wealthy to the less affluent.

Answer 72

Wealth Taxes

Question 73

-By ensuring that even the lowest-paid workers receive a certain amount of money, __________- help to reduce economic inequality.

Answer 73

Minimum Wage Laws

Question 74

-Individuals and families with low income can get direct cash transfers or subsidies, such the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in the US.

Answer 74

Income Support

Question 75

-This program efficiently supplements the income of low- to moderate-income working individuals and families by offering a refundable tax credit.

Answer 75

Earned Income Tax Credit

Question 76

-Giving every citizen a fixed amount of money every month, without regard to their employment status or income level.

Answer 76

Universal Basic Income

Question 77

Different Programs of Income Redistribution

Answer 77

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