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Biology - Module 2 > 6 - Cell division > Flashcards

6 - Cell division Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Cell cycle stages (5)

A 
M
G0
G1
S
G2
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2
Q

What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle? (3)

A

Cell growth stops
Mitosis (PMAT)
Cytokineses

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3
Q

What happens in the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A

The cell may go through:
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Differentiation
Senescence (cell can only divide a certain n.o of times)

Some cells can be in the cycle indefinitely

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4
Q

What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? (4)

A

Cell grows
TRANSCRIPTION of genes - make RNA
Protein synthesis
Organelles duplication

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5
Q

G1 CHECKPOINT (4)

A 
CHECK FOR:
cell size
DNA damage
growth factors 
nutrients
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6
Q

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle? (4)

A

DNA replicates
|—-> therefore each chromosomes has a pair of identical sister chromatids.
Phase happens quickly
|—-> because the exposed DNA are exposed and are susceptible to mutagen agents.

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7
Q

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle? 5

A

Cell grows

Protein microtubles reassemble into spindle fibres.

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8
Q

G2 CHECKPOINT (3)

A

CHECK FOR:
cell size
DNA replication
DNA damage

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9
Q

Stages of mitosis (4)

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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10
Q

Interphase

A

During interphase:
DNA replicated and checked
Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm
Mitochondria grow and divide

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11
Q

Prophase

prepare

A

Chromosomes copied to form 2 chromatids
Chromosome condense
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
Spindle fibres extend to the middle of the cell

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12
Q

Metaphase

middle

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell forms metaphase plate.
Spindle fibres attaches to the centromere of the chromosomes.

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13
Q

Anaphase

away

A

Spindle fibres contract - split the centromere - chromatids are separated - dragged to poles - centromere lead
Complete set of chromosomes at each pole

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14
Q

Telophase

two

A

Chromatids reach the poles and uncoil
Nuclear envelope reforms - forming 2 nuclei
Cytokinesis follows

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15
Q

Importance of mitosis (3)

A

Assexual reproduction
Growth of cells
Replication and repair of cells

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16
Q

Importance of Meiosis (1)

A

To produce sex cells (gametes)

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17
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromatin condense & chromosome supercoils
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Chromosomes are in HOMOLOGOUS pairs = Bivalents
Chromatids entangle = Crossing over

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18
Q

Metaphase I

A

Chromosomes attach at the equator of the spindle - joined at the centromere
The homologous pairs are arranges randomly = Independent assortment

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19
Q

Anaphase I

A

Members of each homologous chromosomes are pulled apart by motor proteins
The crossed-over areas separate at the chiasmata leading to an area of swapped alleles/chromosomes

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20
Q

Telophase I

A

Two new nuclear envelope form and the cell divides via cytokinesis
Each new nucleus has half the number of chromosomes as the original but still has two chromatids.

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21
Q

Prophase II

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down
Chromosome coil and condense
The chromosomes are no longer identical due to the crossing over from P1 = Independent assortment
Spindle forms

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22
Q

Metaphase II

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A

The chromosome attach to the spindle (by the centromere) and pilled to the metaphase plate
Chromatids are randomly arranged

23
Q

Anaphase II

Study These Flashcards
A

Centromeres divide
Chromatids are pulled apart by motor proteins - towards the poles
Chromatids are randomly segregated

24
Q

Telophase II

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A

Nuclear envelope form around 4 haploid cells

25
Differentiation
Process which stem cell become specialised into different types of cells.
26
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) ANIMAL
Function: Transport oxygen around the body Features: Biconcave shape - increase surface area to volume ratio Flexible - Squeeze through nervous capillaries
27
Neutrophills (White Blood Cells) ANIMAL
Function: ingest invading pathogens Features: Multi-lobbed nucleus Attracted to infection sites by chemotaxis Granular cytoplasm ---> contains lysosomes ---> contains enzymes ---> which attack pathogens
28
Spermatozoa ANIMAL
Function: Deliver genetic material to the female gamete Features: Flagellum - move quicker/easier Many mitochondria - provide energy and propel the cell Acrosome - contains digestive enzymes ---> digest layers around the ovum ---> allow sperm to penetrate
29
Palisade Cells PLANT
Function: Absorb large amount of light for photosynthesis Features: Cells are rectangular - easy top pack many in a continuous layer Thin cell wall - increased rate of diffusion Large vacuole - to maintain turgor pressure
30
Root Hair Cells PLANT
Function: Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil Features: Long root hairs - to maximise the water uptake from the soil
31
Guard Cells PLANT
Function: Necessary for CO2 to enter the plant for photosynthesis to occur Features: lose water ---> less swollen ---> more osmotic forces
32
4 main tissue types
Epithelial Connective Muscle - made of cells specialised to contract and move Nervous - made of cells specialised to conduct electricity
33
Squamous Epithelium
Function: Allows diffusion to occur Features: Thin, flat cells - allows rapid diffusion Forms the lining of the lungs allows diffusion of oxygen into the blood
34
Ciliated Epithelium
Function: Traps and swipes away bacteria Features: 'Hair-like' structure - move together not allowing substances to pass Goblet cells ---> release mucus = trap any unwanted particles
35
Cartilage
Function: Prevents bones from rubbing against each other causing damage Features: Firm, flexible - composed of chondrocyte cells Contains proteins - elastin and collagen
36
Muscle
Function: Helps move and support the body Features: Can contract - to move bones ---> to move the body
37
Epidermis
Function: Covers the surface of plants Features: Waxy cuticle - reduce water loss
38
Xylem & Phloem
Function: Responsible for transport of water/minerals via the cell. Responsible for transport of organic molecules. Features: Elongated,dead cells Strengthened with lignin - provides support for the plant Sieve tubes - separates the sieve plates
39
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells that are not specialised. | Undergo cell division repeatedly
40
Stem cells are necessary for ...
Growth Development Tissue repair
41
Do stem cells need to controlled? Why?
If stem cells do not divide fast enough then tissues are not replaced efficiently enough = ageing uncontrolled divisions --> form tumors --> development of cancer
42
Stem Cell Potency
The stems cells ability to divide into different cell types | Greater of number of cells = greater potency
43
Totipotent
These stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell
44
Pluripotent
These stem cells can form all tissue types but NOT whole organism
45
Multipotent
These stem cells can only form a range of cells within a certain tissue type
46
Replacement of erythrocytes
Short lifespan around 120 days therefore need to be replaced constantly Bone marrow produces 3 billion/kg (body mass) to keep up with the body
47
Replacement of neutrophils
Live for 6 hours Produce 1.6 billion/kg/hr This increases during infection
48
Embryonic Stem Cells
Present a a very early stage of embryo development and are totipotent
49
Tissue Stem Cells
Present in life from birth | Stem cells can harvest in the umbilical cord
50
Sources of plant stem cell
Present in meristematic tissue in plants. | Located between the phloem and the xylem this is called vascular cambium
51
Stem cells have been transported into certain areas to help treat patients, certain diseases;
``` Heart disease Type 1 diabetes Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Muscular degeneration Birth defects Spinal injuries ```
52
Also stem cells are used in:
The treatment of burns Drug trails Developmental biology
53
Ethics of stem cells:
Embryos were donated by those left over after fertility treatment by the new law dictates that the embryos be created in a lab. This holds back the success of treatment of incurable diseases

Biology - Module 2 (5 decks)

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