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Food Safety and Sanitaton > 6. Cleaning and Cleaning Agents > Flashcards

6. Cleaning and Cleaning Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of cleaning

A

Removal of soil, dust, organic matter, microorganisms from facilities w/ detergents or abrasive cleaners

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2
Q

Characteristics of cleaning

A
  • Mechanical/physical pre-cleaning is important for sanitation program
  • Cleaning prior to disinfection increases disinfectant efficacy and log reduction
  • Cleaning agents intended for SPECIFIC AREAS
  • may REMOVE significant no of microbes, BUT NOT DESIGNED TO KILL/ELIMINATE
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3
Q

Factors that affect cleaning performance (TACT WINS)

A

TIME contact time

ACTION physical force exerted/mechanical energy applied

CONCENTRATION amount of cleaner used

TEMPERATURE amt of energy (heat) in the cleaning sol

WATER prepare cleaning sol

INDIVIDUAL worker performing clean up operation

NATURE composition of soil

SURFACE what material is being handled

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4
Q

Function of cleaning compounds

A

To lower surface tension of water, so soils are loosened and flushed away

  • sequestering
  • wetting
  • emulsification & suspension
  • dissolving
  • saponification
  • dispersion
  • peptizing
  • rinsing activity
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5
Q

Characteristic of ideal cleaning compounds

A
  • economical
  • non toxic
  • non corrosive
  • non caking
  • non dusting
  • easy to measure/meter
  • stable during storage
  • easily and completely dissolve
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6
Q

Classification of cleaning compounds

A
  • alkaline
  • acid
  • synthetic detergents
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7
Q

Alkaline cleaning compounds

A

STRONG
NaOH, silicate

HEAVY DUTY
Na-metasilicate, Na-hexametaphosphate, Na-pyrophosphate, Na-carbonate, Trisodium phosphate

MILD
Na-carbonate, Na-sesquicarbonate, Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, phosphate water conditioners (sequesters), alkyl aryl sulfonate (surfactant)

CHLORINATED
HYPOCHLORITE added to peptize proteins for easier removal; well adapted for CIP of pipes, tanks, vats; remove effectively fat, oil, grease, proteins

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8
Q

Acid cleaning compounds

A

STRONG
hydrochlroric, hydrofluoric, sulfamic, sulfuric, phosphoric acids

MILD
levulinic, hydroxyacetic, acetic and gluconic acids

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9
Q

Synthetic detergents

A

Most effective to lower surface tension of solution, promoting wetting of particles, deflocculating and suspending soil particles

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10
Q

General structure of detergents

A

Q- X(-)M(+)

Q: hydrophobic portion, hydrocarbon chain CnH(2n-1)
X-: anionic/hydrophilic portion
M+: countrer ion in solution

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11
Q

Detergent classification

A
  1. Anionic (negative)
  2. Cationic (positive)
  3. Nonionic (neutral)
  4. Amphoteric (pH dependent)
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12
Q

Principles of detergents/surfactants action

A
  1. Detergent enables water to wet object thoroughly
  2. Hydrophobic tails of detergent anions dissolve in grease
  3. Water molecules attract hydrophilic heads of detergent anions, lifting up grease
  4. By stirring, grease forms tiny droplets. forming emulsion
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13
Q

Anionic surfactants

A

When reacted with hard water, forms deposit
Low solubility in cold water

e.g. alkyl sulphate, alkyl benzene sulfonate, Na lauryl sulphate

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14
Q

Cationic surfactants

A

Also possess antimicrobial characteristics

e.g. Dimethyl-dodecyl-benzalkoniumchloride

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15
Q

Acid anionic detergent

A
  • Anionic surfactant + acid
  • Organic acids (acetic, peroxyacetic, lactic, propionic, formic)
  • Stable, long shelf life
  • Non corrosive, non staining, low odor
  • Not affected by hard water
  • Removes and controls mineral films
  • High foaming but nonfoaming ones are available
  • Skin irritant
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16
Q

Carboxylic acid anionic detergent

A
  • FA + organic acids + mineral acid
  • Low foaming CIP application
  • Broad spectrum
  • Stable, good shelf life
  • not affected by hard water
  • Removes and controls mineral films
  • Non staining
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17
Q

Non ionic surfactants

A
  • Undissociated in sol
  • Strong emulsifier
  • Not affected by hard water
  • Highly soluble in water (liquid detergent)
  • turns turbid when exposed to heat

e.g. alcohol soluble etoxylate;
nonil phenol etoxylate; polyglycol ether, polyglycol amide

18
Q

Amphoteric surfactants

A
  • Positive (cationic) or negative (anionic) charge depending on pH of sol
  • basic structure R-NH-CH2-COOH

e.g. dodecyl diamino ethyl glycine

19
Q

What are sequestrants/chelating agents

A

Additives used in cleaning compounds to prevent hardness constituents and salts of Ca and Mg from depositing on equipment surfaces by binding of these salts to their molecular structure or binding of other ions

20
Q

Examples of sequestrants/chelating agents

A
  • Na polyphosphates
  • EDTA : may be used in conveyor lubricant formulations
  • TSPP : Tetra sodium pyrophosphate
  • TPP : Tetra potasium pyrophosphate
  • NTA : Nitrile triacetic acid
  • Na tripolyphosphate and Na tetraphosphate (Quadrofos)
  • Na hexametaphosphate (CALGON)
  • Sodium salts: gluconic and heptonic acid
21
Q

Five steps in cleaning and sanitation methods

A
  1. Dry/physical cleaning
  2. Pre rinsing
  3. Detergent application
  4. Post rinsing
  5. Sanitation
22
Q

Foam cleaning

A
  • Foam detergent, large SA
  • 25m2/min, 10-20min
  • Rinse w water and bactericidal compounds
  • Easy, wide coverage SA

Applicatons: transport equipments, ceiling. walls, pipelines, belts, storage containers

23
Q

Gel cleaning

A
  • Gel tightly attached on moving parts, no splashing
  • Req high pressure portable unit

Applications: food packaging equipment

24
Q

Clean out of Place (COP)

A

Manual cleaning: 3 tank system

  1. Equipment rinsed under tapwater
  2. Placed in tank I (with DETERGENT) and soaked
  3. Trf to tank II (with DETERGENT) and brushed(?)
  4. RINSED w hot water, trf to tank III for sanitation (77C 1.5min + disinfectant)
  5. Rinsed to get rid of disinfectant, draining

APPLICABLE FOR: small equipments, auxiliary materials

25
Q

Clean in Place (CIP)

A
  • For large/difficult to assemble equipments or pipes in situ
  • Close circuit system
  • Liquid food industries
  • Common equipment: pipes, tank, heat exchanger, centrifuge machines, homogenizer
  • TURBULENT flow
26
Q

CIP mechanism

A
  1. Preliminary rinse (hot/cold water) to remove gross soil
  2. Detergent wash
  3. Rinse to remove residual soil and cleaning compounds
  4. Sanitize to destroy residual microbes
  5. Final rinse to remove CIP solutions and sanitizers
27
Q

CIP systems

A
  • single use
  • reuse
  • multiuse
28
Q

Single use CIP

A
  • use cleaning sol once
  • minimize cross contam
  • optimize cleaning sol
  • portable
29
Q

Reuse CIP

A
  • recover and reuse cleaning compounds and cleaning sol
  • Contam of cleaning minimal (soil removed during prerinse cycle)
  • PARTS: acid tank. alkaline tank, freshwater tank, return water tank, heating system. CIP feed, return pumps
30
Q

Multiuse CIP

A
  • Combination of single use and reuse system
  • for pipelines, tanks, and other storage equipments
  • AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED PROGRAMS entail various combinations of cleaning sequences w circulation of water, alkaline cleaners, acid cleaners and acidified rinses
31
Q

New mechanical cleaning methods

A
  • Ultrasound
  • Ice pigging
  • Pulsing flow
  • Two phase
32
Q

Ultrasound cleaning

A
  • sound waves w freq > 20kHz
  • for glass tubing, membranes and metal, glass, ceramic and plastic surfaces
  • more effective when combined w heat, pressure, nonfoaming enzymes
33
Q

Adv and disadv of ultrasound

A

ADV
- effective in cleaning surfaces, dismantled and/or small items
- clean conveyor belts better

DISADV
- may disperse organisms outside treatment area

34
Q

What is ice pigging

A
  • Ice pig slug formed by stable ice slurry combined w/ freezing point depressant
  • pumped through range of pipes with good degree of sweeping
  • capable of cleaning in ductwork and/or separating product in different phases, pipe fittings, with good degree of sweeping
  • removes “soft” fouling (in jam, ketchup or fat production)
35
Q

Adv and disadv of ice pigging

A

ADV
- better than conventional solid pigs
- low environmental impact
- never gets stuck in for pipework for a long time (melts)

DISADV
- needs CIP to ensure proper cleaning

36
Q

What is pulsing flow

A
  • Imposing velocity pulse over steady flow to increase local shear rate and pressure at the deposit
  • Cosed systems where liquid is too viscous to achieve turbulent flow
  • Frequency and amplitude are important parameters
37
Q

Adv and disadv of pusling flow

A

ADV
- attractive for systems where liquid is too viscous
- shorten cleaning time

DISADV
- difficult to remove soil in areas difficult to clean
- additional research is needed

38
Q

What is two phase cleaning

A

Increasing effectiveness of cleaning by permitting air to leak into vacuum of systems

39
Q

Adv and disadv of two phase cleaning

A

ADV
- Reduce water req for circulation

DISADV
- More research required

40
Q

Criteria for eco-friendly cleaning agents

A
  • 60-70% BIODEGRADABLE within 28 days for organic components above 1% in the ready to use product
  • NON HAZARDOUS WASTE
  • LOW ORAL LETHAL DOSE
  • Environmental hazard: no phenolic compounds, petroleum solvents or heavy metals
41
Q

6 Green Attributes

A
  1. Do not cause skin irritation
  2. Air pollution potential: no VOCs
  3. No fragrances
  4. No dyes
  5. Packaging: reduced and recyclable
  6. Include features to minimize exposure to concentrate

Food Safety and Sanitaton (4 decks)

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