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The Body - A Guide for Occupants > 6 DOWN THE HATCH: THE MOUTH AND THROAT > Flashcards

6 DOWN THE HATCH: THE MOUTH AND THROAT Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What incident did Isambard Kingdom Brunel experience in 1843?

A

He accidentally swallowed a gold half-sovereign coin

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2
Q

What was the primary concern for Brunel after swallowing the coin?

A

It could choke him

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3
Q

What is the term for the surgical procedure attempted by Sir Benjamin Brodie on Brunel?

A

Tracheotomy

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4
Q

What is the anatomical term for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

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5
Q

How many times do humans swallow on average per day?

A

About two thousand times

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6
Q

What role does the epiglottis play during swallowing?

A

It acts as a trapdoor to direct food and air

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7
Q

What is the Heimlich maneuver designed to do?

A

To expel a blockage from a choking victim

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8
Q

Who invented the Heimlich maneuver?

A

Dr. Henry Judah Heimlich

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9
Q

What was the original term used by the American Red Cross before changing it in 2006?

A

Heimlich maneuver

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10
Q

Who is considered the father of American bronchoesophagoscopy?

A

Chevalier Quixote Jackson

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11
Q

What did Chevalier Jackson collect during his career?

A

Imprudently ingested items

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12
Q

How many salivary glands are typically found in the human mouth?

A

Twelve

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13
Q

Approximately how much saliva does a typical adult secrete in a day?

A

A little less than one and a half quarts

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14
Q

What powerful painkiller was discovered in saliva?

A

Opiorphin

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15
Q

What percentage of saliva is composed of substances other than water?

A

0.5 percent

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16
Q

What enzyme in saliva begins to break down sugars in carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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17
Q

True or False: Tonsils are part of the immune system and can be removed without major health consequences.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The anatomical term for the fleshy structures that stand on either side of the throat is _______.

A

Tonsils

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19
Q

What is the name of the structure that includes the tonsils?

A

Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

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20
Q

True or False: The primary function of saliva is to act as a lubricant only.

A

False

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21
Q

What is the significance of the low position of the larynx in humans?

A

It allows for greater aptitude for speech but increases choking risk

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22
Q

What was found in Chevalier Jackson’s collection of ingested items?

A

A wristwatch, a crucifix, miniature binoculars, among others

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23
Q

What happens to adenoids as a person reaches adolescence?

A

They often shrink away to virtually nothing

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24
Q

What unique characteristic does the human swallowing mechanism have compared to other mammals?

A

Air and food travel down the same tunnel

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25
Fill in the blank: The Heimlich maneuver involves giving a choking victim a series of sharp hugs at the _______.
Breastbone
26
What did Dr. Robert Haugen suggest about choking deaths?
They are more common than generally thought
27
What is the average time interval between swallows for a person?
Once every thirty seconds
28
What happens when the epiglottis fails to function correctly?
Choking can occur
29
What is the estimated number of choking deaths in the United States each year?
About five thousand
30
What did the American Red Cross stop using the term 'Heimlich maneuver' in favor of?
Abdominal thrusts
31
What is one of the primary enzymes in saliva that helps prevent cavities?
Lysozyme
32
What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions called?
Enzymes ## Footnote Examples include amylase and ptyalin.
33
What happens to sugars in carbohydrates while chewing?
They begin to break down ## Footnote This process is initiated by enzymes in saliva.
34
What do bacteria in the mouth do with liberated sugars?
They devour them and excrete acids ## Footnote This can lead to cavities.
35
What is lysozyme?
An enzyme that attacks many invading pathogens ## Footnote Discovered by Alexander Fleming.
36
Why do we produce very little saliva while we sleep?
It allows microbes to proliferate ## Footnote This is why morning mouth can occur.
37
What can be found in exhalations in the morning that affects breath freshness?
Up to 150 different chemical compounds ## Footnote Common compounds include methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide.
38
Who first studied bacterial colonies in the mouth?
Professor Joseph Appleton ## Footnote He discovered that different areas of the mouth host different bacterial colonies.
39
How many species of bacteria have been found in human mouths?
About a thousand species ## Footnote Typically, around two hundred species are present at any given time.
40
What are the three varieties of teeth?
* Blades (pointy) * Cusps (spade-like) * Basins (fossae) ## Footnote These variations allow for different functions in chewing.
41
What is the hardest substance in the human body?
Enamel ## Footnote It forms a thin layer on the outside of teeth and cannot be replaced if damaged.
42
What is dentin?
A mineralized tissue beneath the enamel ## Footnote Dentin can renew itself.
43
How is bite force measured?
In newtons ## Footnote A typical adult male can exert about four hundred newtons of force.
44
What is capsaicin?
The active ingredient in chili peppers ## Footnote It activates pain receptors, causing a burning sensation.
45
What is the Scoville scale used for?
Measuring the heat of chili peppers ## Footnote Developed by Wilbur Scoville.
46
What is the taste receptor responsible for umami?
Glutamate ## Footnote Discovered by Kikunae Ikeda in the early 20th century.
47
What is fugu?
A Japanese delicacy made from puffer fish ## Footnote It is highly toxic and must be prepared by trained chefs.
48
True or False: Taste receptors exist only in the mouth.
False ## Footnote Taste receptors are also found in the gut, throat, heart, lungs, and testicles.
49
What are the basic tastes identified by the tongue?
* Sweet * Salty * Sour * Bitter * Umami ## Footnote Some authorities suggest additional receptors for fat and metal.
50
What chemical compound is responsible for the cooling sensation in menthol?
Menthol ## Footnote It activates similar pain receptors as those responding to heat.
51
What can prolonged consumption of capsaicin lead to in the body?
Release of endorphins ## Footnote This can produce a feeling of pleasure.
52
What is the annual death toll from consuming fugu?
About one person per year ## Footnote This is due to improper preparation and consumption of the toxic parts.
53
What does MSG stand for?
Monosodium glutamate
54
What percentage of the world's MSG is produced by Ajinomoto?
About one-third
55
What was the title of the letter published in The New England Journal of Medicine in 1968?
Chinese-Restaurant Syndrome
56
True or False: MSG has been proven to have deleterious effects when consumed in normal quantities.
False
57
According to Ole G. Mouritsen and Klavs Styrbaek, how has MSG been scrutinized?
It has been subjected to the most thorough scrutiny of all time
58
What do taste buds primarily provide us information about?
Basic textures and attributes of food
59
What is the difference between taste and flavor?
Flavor is taste plus smell
60
Fill in the blank: Smell is said to account for at least _______ percent of flavor.
70
61
What is the retronasal route?
The pathway through which aroma reaches us from the back of the nasal passage
62
How does sound influence our perception of food?
Crunchier sounds are rated as fresher and tastier
63
In the University of Bordeaux blind taste test, what influenced students' perceptions of wine?
The color of the wine
64
What does the brain do with the flavor molecules we perceive?
It vivifies them for our pleasure
65
What is the larynx primarily responsible for?
Producing sound through vocal folds
66
What are the three phases of speech production?
* Respiration * Phonation * Articulation
67
What is stuttering?
A speech disorder characterized by disruptions in fluency
68
What percentage of adults are affected by stuttering?
1 percent
69
True or False: Stuttering is more common in females than males.
False
70
What is the uvula?
A small fleshy appendage at the back of the throat
71
What role does the uvula play in swallowing?
It directs food down the throat and away from the nasal passage
72
Fill in the blank: The name 'uvula' comes from the Latin for 'little _______'.
grape
73
What happens to people who have had their uvula removed?
They may lose some control over guttural sounds

The Body - A Guide for Occupants (23 decks)

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