6. familia si societatea

Question 1

what are the societal factors that moderate substance use and addiction

Answer 1

societal factors, such as cultural norms, socioeconomic conditions, availability of substances influence how likely individuals are to start using substances, the frequency of use and the progression to addiction in some individuals

Question 2

what are the dispositional risk factors that influence substance use

Answer 2

dispositional factors are personality traits or inherent tendencies that make some ppl more vulnerable to addiction

e.g. impulsivity - the tendency to act without thinking or seeking immediate gratification

sensation seeking - a desire for novel experiences

Question 3

how is substance use deeply infleunced by the social and cultral context in which it occurs?

Answer 3

in some cultures, drinking alcohol is a socially accepted part of celebrations

in others, its use might be stigmatised or forbidden

Question 4

the micro-cultures within socieities

Answer 4

even within a broader society, there are micro cultures (smaller subgroups) wtuh distinct attitudes and norms around substance use

college part - normalise binge drinking

fitness subcultures - stigmatise recreational drug use but accept performance-enhancing drugs like steroids

Question 5

how does cultural context modulate drug use

Answer 5

the way a person experiences a substance’s effects is shaped not only by the drug’s pharamcology but also by their social and cultural belifs about it

Question 6

what is an example of how the culture shapes experience of the substance use

Answer 6

in indigenous amazonian cultures,
substances like ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew made from plants, are used in ritualistic or spiritual contexts

they view hallucinogens are tools for exploring the nature of reality (understanding life, death), healing, connecting (with ancestors)

Question 7

how has alcohol affordability changed between 1987 and 2020

Answer 7

since 1987, alcohol has become 72% more affordable in the UK

Question 8

what has been done about alcholo pricing

Answer 8

westminster and scotland governments explored the possibility of minimum unit pricing of alcohol

45p per unit in england
50p per unit in scotland

proposal made in 2012

Question 9

how would minimum uni pricing of alcohol decrease consumption

Answer 9

modeling suggested this would decrease consumption by 3.3%, 5,000 fewer crimes, 24,000 less hospital visits and 725 less deaths per year

e.g. Canada found that a 10% increase in the minimum price of any given alcoholic product reduced its consumption by between 14.6% and 16.1%

Question 10

what happened to englands proposal

Answer 10

in england, the proposal was rejected in 2013 and instead, england banned the sale of alcohol below cost price = a ban on selling a can of larger beer for less than 40p

Question 11

what happened to scotlands proposal

Answer 11

scotland passed minimum pricing legislation in 2012 (at 50p), but was initially challenged by the scottish whisky association in the EU courts

scottish courts ruled in favour of the government in 2017; minimum 50p per unit was introduced

Question 12

what has data shown on the benefits of having a minimum unit price

Answer 12

ban on below cost selling has little reduction in deaths anually and in morbidity annually

however, with an increase in the minimum price, there is increase in the reduction of deaths and morbidity

there also reduction in mean consumption when the minimum unit price is at 45p compared to ban on below cost selling

Question 13

how has tobacco advertising changed

Answer 13

in many western countries there are warning labels and graphic images

in 2012, australia became the first country to mandate plain packaging of cigarettes e.g. no brand colouring, logos

Question 14

what has Uk done about tobacco packaging

Answer 14

MPs voted to approve plain packaging in england in march 2015, introduced in 2017

Question 15

what has new zealand done about smoking

Answer 15

new zealand is the first country to introduce rising legal age of consumption with a view to being smoke-free in the near future

Question 16

what colour packaging is used

Answer 16

use of drab olive colour as this has been rated as the ugliest colour

Question 17

how has vaping increased in adults

Answer 17

there is an increase in daily vaping

the main vaping device used is a disposable vape

Question 18

what are the reasons for vaping

Answer 18

older adults tend to vape to help quit cigarette smoking

younger people more likely to vape for other reasons

Question 19

what appeals to young people about vaping

Answer 19

relatively low cost

use of flavours, especially sweet/fruit

easier to hide from authority figures relative to cigarettes

perception of safety relative to cigarettes

convenience ie. disposable

packaging and placement in ships

social influence e.g. peer pressure

Question 20

how does legality and law enforcement infleunce substance use

Answer 20

the legal classification of a substance within a society typically has some effects on rates of usage

illicit substances have typically lower levels of usage

Question 21

cannabis

Answer 21

several countries and US states have now legalised personal usage of cannabis e.g. Colorado

first retail stores sold cannabis Jan 1 2014

adults over 21 yrs can grow 6 plants or otherwise have an ounce of cannabis in their possession

Question 22

what is the revenue from sales of cannabis in colorado

Answer 22

revenue from sales in colorado is typically around $1.5-2 billion per year - less than predicted as black market sales remained higher than expected

Question 23

what is cannabis freuqncy use like in states that have legalised it

Answer 23

the data tend to show that states that have legalised recreational usage have slightly higher rates of use, frequency of use and rates of cannabis use disorders

Question 24

how many people use cannabis in colorado

Answer 24

data from 2018 shows 15.5% of adults in colorado have used cannabis in the last 30 days

increase from 13.6% from 2016

29.2% of people aged 18-25 have used in the last 30 days

adolescent use is failry stable since legislation - around 20% of high school students have used in the last 30 days - less than alcohol and vaping but more than cigarette smoking

Question 25

what are novel psychoactive substances NPS

Answer 25

Substances chemically engineered to produce effects similar to illicit drugs such as cannabis but not initially classified as illegal under drug laws e.g synthetic cannabis (spice) users and even sellers often don't know the precise chemical makeup of these substances often sold on dark web marketplaces like the silk road

Question 26

what are the effects of novel psychoactive substances

Answer 26

for forms of synthetic cannabis there are high levels of aversive effects in a large survey of synthetic cannabis users, found that users found more positive and less negative effects after usage with natural rather than synthetic cannabis but difficult to track as new chemical varieties are appearing rapidly

Question 27

what is the link between chronic stress and addiction

Answer 27

adolescents who have high levels of recent negative life events have elevated substance use retrospective studies (looking back) link cumulative stressful life events with increased substance use retrospective and longitudinal (tracking over time) studies show elevated rates of substance use for adolescents who suffered childhood trauma e.g. sexual abuse, bullying

Question 28

what is a study example of stress and addiction

Answer 28

Lloyd and Turner examined lifetime accumulation of stress and risk for first onset of alcholo dependence disroder examined 1803 young adults between the ages of 19 and 21 used a checklist of traumatic life events measured across the lifetime and DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence

Question 29

what has the study found

Answer 29

a person with exposure to both distal and proximal stressors is at significantly greater risk of alcohol dependence distal factors enhance risk for dependence relative to proximal factors DISTAL stressors are those that occur earlier in life and are more chronic PROXIMAL stressors are more immediate, situational or acute such as break up

Question 30

what have animal studies shown about stress

Answer 30

animal studies have shown that exposure to chronic stress early in life elevates risk for later substance dependence Higley examined the effect of early stress on subsequent alcohol use in rhesus monkeys 22 monkeys were randomly assigned to be raised for the first 6 months of life with either their mother or a group of similarly aged peers at 4 years of age, they were then able to access alcohol for 1 hour per day, 4 days per week in either small groups or during social separation

Question 31

what did the study on monkeys find

Answer 31

peer-raised monkeys consumed significantly more alcholo than mother-raised monkeys this effect was enhanced in periods of separation peer-raised monkeys also exhibited more anxiety and fear like responses to separation, and had elevated levels of crotisol and stress hormone responses

Question 32

what are the effects of ealry exposure to stress in humans

Answer 32

clark et al compared adolescents aged 14-18 who had a diagnosis of alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse with controls used a clinical interview to gather data on a range of aspects of psychopathologies, including history of trauma e.g. physical abuse also examined less serious negative life events

Question 33

what was found

Answer 33

the alcholo abuse group and alcohol dependence group had more 2 or more interpersonal trauma types than control those who had history of abuse were more likely to engage in substance use than controls

Question 34

1. why does early life trauma lead to subsequent subtsance dependence

Answer 34

neurobiological mechanisms chronic over-activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis increases sensitivity to stress and may drive individuals to use substances to manage these heighted responses

Question 35

2. why does early life trauma lead to subsequent subtsance dependence

Answer 35

early trauma can lead to chronic feelings of depression, anxiety and low self-esteem, which increase vulenrability to substance use as a coping mechanisms

Question 36

3. why does early life trauma lead to subsequent subtsance dependence

Answer 36

PTSD trauma survivors may turn to substances to avoid reminders of the trauma or numb emotional pain