6. Genetics

Question 1

DNA full form

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 2

Sugar of DNA

Answer 2

Deoxyribose

Question 3

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA

Answer 3

A&T
G&C

A- Adenine
T- Thymine
G- Guanine
C- Cytosine

Question 4

Which nitrogenous base of DNA is stonger

Answer 4

G&C

Question 5

Why are genes important

Answer 5

Genes specify the sequences of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
This is important as Hormones and Enzymes both are proteins.

Question 6

Who discovered DNA originally?

Answer 6

Rosin Franklin

Question 7

How many alleles does each trait have?

Answer 7

Two (one from each parent)
The dominant one is expressed. A recessive gene will only be expressed if it is with another recessive gene.

Question 8

Homozygous

Answer 8

Both alleles are either dominant or recessive

Question 9

Hetrozygous

Answer 9

Two different versions of the same gene

Question 10

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 10

Set of genes received from the father and set of genes received from the mother in the same place

Question 11

Genome/ Genotype

Answer 11

All of an organism’s genetic material

Question 12

Phenotype

Answer 12

What you look from the outside

Question 13

Haploid

Answer 13

Half the number of chromosomes in a place
In humans eggs and sperm are haploid

Question 14

Law of Segregation

Answer 14

During production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

Question 15

Why must cells divide?

Answer 15

a) To form gametes
b) So we grow
c) To replace damaged cells

Question 16

When cells divide for growth and repair what is it called?

Answer 16

Mitosis (takes place in somatic cells)

Makes identical cells.

Question 17

Protein Synthesis

Answer 17

Information comes out of nucleus and goes to ribosomes so proteins can be made

Question 18

Somatic Cells

Answer 18

Any cell in the body except reproductive cells

Question 19

Why is transcription and translation needed?

Answer 19

Because DNA is very large and cannot leave the nucleus of the cell, so in order to use a gene, it is necessary to make a copy of it which can be read by the ribosomes outside the nucleus.

Question 20

For reproductive purposes when cells divide what is it called?

Answer 20

Meiosis (takes place in reproductive cells and organs)

Question 21

What is the copy of a gene from DNA known as?

Answer 21

mRNA

Messenger RNA

Question 22

Differences between mRNA and DNA

Answer 22

1) Much shorter than DNA as it only has one gene
2) Only a single strand long
3) Instead of the base Thymine, it has Uracil

Question 23

RNA Polymerase

Answer 23

Enzyme which binds to the DNA where the gene which needs to be copied starts.

Then, it moves along the gene and read the base one by one to make an mRNA strand

Question 24

mRNA bases will

Answer 24

always be complimentary to DNA

If there is an A, it will be Uracil
If there is a T, it will be A
If there is a G, it will be C
If there is a C, it will be G

Question 25

Codon/ Triplet and what does it do?

Answer 25

A group of 3 bases which codes for a specific amino acid Can be DNA or mRNA

Question 26

Translation

Answer 26

The ribosome and mRNA strand bind together by adding one amino acid at a time As the ribosomes move along the mRNA, the tRNA goes away and leaves the amino acids behind, and when the process it completed the ribosomes move away so the left behind amino acids can form a protein.

Question 27

How are amino acids brought to the ribosomes?

Answer 27

by tRNA Transfer RNA

Question 28

tRNA

Answer 28

Carry the amino acids on the top and the anti-codon on the bottom. The anti-codon is complimentary to the codon which codes for the amino acid on the top They carry the correct amino acids in the correct order so the ribosomes chain them together

Question 29

Diploid

Answer 29

The presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

Question 30

Autosomal recessive condition

Answer 30

In this pattern, a child inherits one mutated gene copy from each parent, and both copies of the gene must be abnormal for the condition to develop

Question 31

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 31

Direct Effect of Mutation: Abnormal hemoglobin protein in red blood cells Signs and Symptoms of the Disorder: Sickle-shaped red blood cells that clog tiny blood vessels, causing pain and damaging organs and joints Mode in inheritance: Autosomal recessive

Question 32

Trisomy 21

Answer 32

Down Syndrome Genotype: Extra copy (complete or partial) of chromosome 21 Phenotype effects: developmental delays, distinctive facial appearance, and other abnormalities

Question 33

3 stages of cell interphase

Answer 33

First gap stage: G1–> 1st stage S–> Synthesis (of DNA) G2 phase M–> Division (Mitosis / Meiosis)

Question 34

First gap stage

Answer 34

First stage of the preparatory phase of cell division. The cell grows in size and the organelles grow in size. Does not involve DNA replication

Question 35

Synthesis phase

Answer 35

Second phase in interphase The nucleus and the genetic information (DNA) will get duplicated Centrosome also gets duplicated (organelles which helps in releasing threads used to separate sister chromatids).

Question 36

Second gap phase (G2)

Answer 36

Third step in interphase Allows cell to grow more and makes more protein and organelles Prepares the cell for mitosis

Question 37

PMAT

Answer 37

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 38

Prophase

Answer 38

Nucleus is still there but starts disappearing Chromosomes are visible and are condensing (they are thickening and visible) The chromosomes are connected to the centromere and are referred to as sister chromatids

Question 39

Metaphase

Answer 39

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell No nucleus membrane is present

Question 40

Anaphase

Answer 40

Chromosomes move away and move towards the poles of the cells Spindles (fibres) that help the chromosomes move towards the end

Question 41

Telophase

Answer 41

Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends (poles) New nuclei are forming on each side to make new cells

Question 42

Cytokinesis

Answer 42

Final separation into two cells The cytoplasm separates forming new cells

Question 43

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 43

Structure: DNA is double-stranded, meaning it's made up of two separate chains that twist into a double helix. RNA is usually single-stranded. Function: DNA stores and transfers genetic information, while RNA creates proteins. Sugars: DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. Ribose has an extra -OH group compared to deoxyribose. Bases: DNA contains adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Uracil differs from thymine because it lacks a methyl group in its ring.