6 Haemopoiesis

Question 1

What are granulocytes?

Answer 1

Basophils
Eosinophil
Neutrophils

Question 2

Lymphocyte function

Answer 2

B cells-attack invaders outside cells + produce antibodies
T cells- attack infected cells

Question 3

Monocyte function

Answer 3

Phagocytoses, breakdown and remove microorganisms
Dense against chronic bacterial infections e.g.TB

Question 4

Causes of monoytosis

Answer 4

-Bacterial infection e.g. TB
-Inflammatory condition e.g rheumatoid arthritis
-Carcinoma-cancer in epithelial tissue
-Leukaemia

Question 5

Eosinophil function

Answer 5

Immune response against parasitic infection

Question 6

Causes of eosinophilia

Answer 6

-Allergic diseases e.g. asthma
- parasitic infection e.g. helminths
- skin diseases
- drug hypersensitivity

Question 7

Basophil function

Answer 7

• release histamine as immune response which causes redness
• help with allergic reactions
• Inflammatory conditions

Question 8

Neutrophil function

Answer 8

-first responder phagocyte
- part of immune system

Question 9

Neutrophil on blood smear

Answer 9

3-5 lobed nucleus
2 lobes = immature neutrophil

Question 10

What is neutrophil maturation controlled by?

Answer 10

G-CSF
Increases neutrophil production
Enhances phagocytosis
Speeds up release o mature cells from BM

Question 11

What is neutrophilia?

Answer 11

High neutrophil count

Question 12

Causes of neutrophilia

Answer 12

Acute haemorrhage
Acute inflammation
Infection
Myeloproliferative diseases - blood cancer

Question 13

Neutropenia causes 2 types

Answer 13

Reduced production
Increased removal/usage

Question 14

What is neutropenia?

Answer 14

Low neutrophil count

Question 15

Causes of neutropenia - reduced production

Answer 15

• B12/folate deficiency
• viral infection
• aplastic anaemia - empty marro
• Infiltration - malignancy, no room for BC production
• radiation

Question 16

Causes of neutropenia - increased removal/usage

Answer 16

-Sepsis- marrow can’t synthesise neutrophils fast enough for demand
- immune destruction-autoantibodies destroy neutrophils
- splenic pooling - separating of neutrophils in spleen, less in circulation

Question 17

Consequences of neutropenia

Answer 17

-severe bacterial infection
-severe fungal infection
-mucosal ulceration e.g painful mouth ulcers

Question 18

Erythrocyte function

Answer 18

-deliver O2 to tissues
-carry haemoglobin
-maintain haemoglobin in reduced/ferrous state
-maintain osmotic equilibrium
-generate energy

Question 19

Splenomegaly causes

Answer 19

• back pressure from portal hypertension
  -overworked white/red pulp
  -extramedullary haeompoiesis
  -infiltration of foreign cells
  -waste product accumulation

Question 20

Hypersplenism meaning

Answer 20

Lack of functioning spleen tissue

Question 21

Hypersplenism causes

Answer 21

-splenectomy-removal of spleen tissue
- sickle cell disease
-gastrointestinal diseases e.g. coeliac, crohn’s, ulcerative colitis
-autoimmune disorders e.g. rheumatoid arthritis

Question 22

What can been seen on the blood film of a patient with Hypersplenism?

Answer 22

Howell jolly bodies - DNA remnants
Normally removed by functioning spleen tissue

Question 23

What does red pulp do?

Answer 23

Removes old RBC
Metabolises haemoglobin

Question 24

What does white pulp do?

Answer 24

Forms antibodies
Removes bacteria and RBCs covered in antibodies

Question 25

Encapsulated bacteria which can cause sepsis

Answer 25

Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzar
Meningoccus

Question 26

What can gastrointestinal diseases cause?

Answer 26

Hyposplenism

Question 27

What causes hereditary spherocytosis?

Answer 27

Mutations in B spectrum gene

Question 28

What do mutations in ankyrin and spectrum cause?

Answer 28

Less flexibility of plasma membrane
Spherocytes

Question 29

How does spherocytes in the blood cause anaemia?

Answer 29

Abnormal RBCs recognised and removed by spleen
Less RBCs > less haemoglobin > anaemia

Question 30

What does spectrin do?

Answer 30

Links plasma membrane to actin cytoskeleton

Question 31

What does ankyrin do?

Answer 31

‘anchoring’
Links proteins to spectrin-actin cytoskelton

Question 32

What does protein 4.2 do?

Answer 32

Regulates association of band 3 with ankyrin
ATP binding protein

Question 33

What does band 3 do?

Answer 33

-Binds to ankyrin and protein 4.2 to link membrane and cytoskeleton
-facilitates Cl- and HCO3- exchange

Question 34

What is a trephine biopsy?

Answer 34

1-2cm cord of bone marrow removed usually form hip
Shows structure

Question 35

What is a bone marrow aspiration?

Answer 35

Takes fluid from bone marrow

Question 36

Trephine biopsy vs bone marrow aspiration

Answer 36

More information from TP
Less invasive in BMA- smaller needle

Question 37

What does thrombopoietin do?
Where is it produced from?

Answer 37

Regulates production of platelets
Produced by liver and kidney

Question 38

Where is erythropoietin released from?

Answer 38

Kidney