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BMS1052 > 6 - Nervous System Organisation > Flashcards

6 - Nervous System Organisation Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the levels of biological organisation

A

Atoms -> molecules -> organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system
-> organism

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2
Q

Describe response to picking up a glass of water

A

Stimulus (glass) -> sensory receptor (eye) -> sensory neuron -> relay neuron (in brain) -> motor neuron -> effector (bicep muscle) -> response (pick up glass)

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3
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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4
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What’s the PNS composed of?

A

Everything else

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6
Q

What’s a nerve?

A

Bundle of axons from multiple neurons

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7
Q

What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions control?

A

Homeostasis and functions beyond voluntary control

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8
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest & digest

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9
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

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10
Q

Rostral

A

Front/towards nose

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11
Q

Caudal

A

Back/towards tail

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12
Q

Dorsal

A

Top/towards back

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13
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom/towards belly

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14
Q

Lateral

A

Left/right

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15
Q

Medial

A

Middle

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16
Q

Coronal

A

Frontal

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17
Q

Sagittarius

A

Plane straight down nose

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18
Q

What are the key areas of CNS?

A
  1. Spinal cord connects brain w/ PNS
  2. Brain stem
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Diencephalon
  5. Cerebrum
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19
Q
  1. Spinal cord connects brain w/ PNS
A

Conduit for info — sends out motor info and receives sensory info

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20
Q

What’s the central gray matter of the spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies

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21
Q

What’s the peripheral white matter of spinal cord?

A

Myelinated axons

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22
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons in spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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23
Q

Where do sensory neuron axons enter spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root

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24
Q

Where do sensory neurons synapse in spinal cord?

A

Dorsal horn

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25
Where are motor neuron cell bodies in spinal cord?
Ventral horn
26
Where do motor neuron axons exit in spinal cord?
Ventral root
27
Where do motor neurons synapse?
on muscle fibres
28
What’s the brain stem composed of?
Medulla, pons and midbrain
29
3. Cerebellum
Role in motor control — motor learning, coordination and incorporating sensory feedback
30
What cognitive functions is the cerebellum implicated in?
Attention and language
31
4. Diencephalon
Contains thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland and corpus callosum
32
Thalamus
Relay station and gateway controlling flow of sensory & motor signals to/from cerebrum. Regulates sleep, consciousness and alertness
33
Hypothalamus
Regulates metabolic processes
34
Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland critical for homeostasis
35
Pineal gland
Endocrine organ modulates sleep
36
Corpus callosum
Cut in extreme seizures — unable to transfer info between 2 sides of brain
37
5. Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system
38
Cerebral cortex
Outermost sheet of neural tissue. Sensory perception, motor control, affect, cognition
39
Basal ganglia
4 internal nuclei form feedback circuits w/ cerebral cortex. Motor control, behaviour switching, learning, reward.
40
Limbic system
Collection of nuclei grouped for location. Hippocampus & amygdala
41
Hippocampus
Memory and spatial navigation
42
Amygdala
Emotional valence and importance of stimuli
43
What’s involved in protecting nervous system?
Meninges, CSF, blood-brain barrier
44
Meninges
3 membranes protecting CNS
45
What are the 3 membranes of the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater and Pia mater
46
Dura mater
Outermost membrane closest to skull, tough in elastic surrounding CNS, contains large blood vessels
47
Arachnoid mater
Appearance & consistency of spider web, no space between dura, impermeable to fluid
48
Pia mater
Thin membrane adheres close to brain surface Separated from arachnoid by space filled w/ CSF Many blood vessels
49
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by what?
Choroid plexus
50
Where is choroid plexus?
In the ventricles
51
What space does CSF fill?
Sub-arachnoid space and ventricles
52
Functions of CSF
Cushions brain and carries metabolic waste from brain to bloodstream
53
Ventricles
4 interconnected cavities in core of brain continuous with central canal of spinal cord & sub-arachnoid space and filled with CSF
54
Blood-brain barrier
Restricts entry of macromolecules into brain and shields brain from abnormal variations in ionic composition and potentially toxic molecules
55
What can pass freely into brain?
Lipids and water
56
What do tight junctions between endothelial Cells & capillaries restrict?
Entry of macromolecules to brain
57
Are astrocytes involved w/ BBB?
No - but they regulate blood flow
58
T/F - brain has low metabolic demand
False
59
What supplies blood to brain and spinal cord?
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
60
Circle of Willis
Arterial ring in blood supply to brain that helps maintain supply if major supplies blocked.
61
What distributes blood supply in brain?
Anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery
62
What can cause local damage in brain tissue?
Stroke
63
How do we study single neuron extracellularly?
Electrode in extracellular space detects APs as spikes
64
Advantages of extracellular recordings
Invasive but little damage to cells | Easy to maintain stable recordings and can record for long periods
65
Disadvantages of extracellular recordings
Expensive equipment Difficult to determine how many cells recording from Difficult to determine exact cell type Can’t get info about properties of individual cells

BMS1052 (10 decks)

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