6 Organic Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
Define “catenation”
A
The ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element
2
Q
Types of formulae?
A
- molecular formula
- empirical formula
- structural formula
- displayed formula
- skeletal formula
3
Q
Describe “nucleophile”
A
- has a lone pair to form a new bond
- attacks electron deficient areas
4
Q
Describe “electrophile”
A
- has a + charge or δ+ charge
- attacks electron rich areas
5
Q
Describe “free radical”
A
- has an unpaired electron that wants to pair up
- very reactive
- attacks everywhere
6
Q
Types of reaction?
A
- addition
- substitution
- elimination
- polymerisation
- hydrolysis
7
Q
What are the two bonds in a double bond?
A
- sigma (σ) bond formed by 2 sp2 orbitals overlapping
- pi (π) bond formed by 2 2p overlapping
8
Q
Describe the combustion of alkenes
A
- high ΔHc
- smoky flame die to ratio of carbon to hydrogen (carbon particulates)
- rarely used
9
Q
Conditions for addition of alkenes?
A
- at 150 degrees Celsius in the presence of nickel catalyst for hydrogen
- acid catalyst is used to add steam to produce alcohol
- addition of halogens and hydrogen halides can be carried at room temperature without catalyst
- potassium manganate (VII) is used in oxidation to produce diol with acid catalyst at room temperature
10
Q
How can the presence of a double bond be tested?
A
Colour change during addition of halogens or oxidation
11
Q
Describe “electrophilic addition”
A
- at room temperature
- no catalyst or UV light required when non-polar molecules act as reagents
12
Q
Describe “Markownikoff’s rule”
A
- in the electrophilic addition to alkenes the major product is formed via the more stable carbocation
- the stability depends on the number of alkyl groups attached as they exert an inductive effect on the carbocation
13
Q
Difference between aliphatic and aromatic alcohol?
A
- the OH replaces an H in a basic hydrocarbon skeleton in aliphatic alcohols
- the OH is attached to directly to the ring in aromatic alcohols
14
Q
Structure of benzene?
A
- six π electrons are delocalised around the ring by overlapping the p orbitals
- no double bonds and all bond lengths are equal
- planar structure
15
Q
Chemical properties of alcohols?
A
- bases
- nucleophiles (lone pair on oxygen)
- useful fuel (high ΔHc)
