what is organic chemistry?
the branch of chemistry concerned with the compounds of carbon
What elements do hydrocarbons contain?
hydrogen and carbon
Name for 1 carbon?
meth
name for 2 carbons?
eth
name for 3 carbons?
prop
name for 4 carbons?
but
name for 5 carbons?
pent
name for 6 carbons?
hex
name for 7 carbons?
hept
name for 8 carbons?
oct
name for 9 carbons?
non
name for 10 carbons?
dec
what is a homologous series?
It’s a series of compounds that have similar properties and the same general formula, eg, Alkanes
Alkanes general formula?
CnH2n+2
Alkenes general formula?
CnH2n
Alkynes general formula?
CnH2n-2
Alcohols general formula?
CnH2n=1OH
Halogenoalakanes general formula?
CnH2n=1x
adlehydes general formula?
RCOH
Carboxylic acids general formula?
CnH2n=1COOH
Relative atomic mass?
is the weighted mean mass of 1/12 of an element relative to carbon 12
Naming organic compounds?
1) identify the longest carbon chain
2) identify the main functional group, this gives you the suffix or the prefix
3) Number the carbon chain
4) Find any side chains, add this to the start of the name and number the carbon it’s attached to
5) for identical side chains use, di, tri and tetra
Addition reaction?
a reaction where 2 or more molecules join together to form another molecule
Polymerisation?
A reaction where many monomers join together to make a long chain polymer
Elimination?
A reaction where atoms or small groups are lost from adjacent carbon atoms
Reduction reaction?
A reaction where a species gains electrons
substitution?
A reaction where an atom or group is replaced by another
Hydrolysis?
A reaction where a molecule is split by adding H+ and OH- (derived from water)
Oxidation?
A reaction in which a species loses electrons
Mechanisms, what do they show?
the sequence of events that take place to form your new products in an organic reaction
what is a neucleophile?
Electron pair acceptors
what are Radicals?
these have unpaired electrons, which makes them very reactive!
Structural isomers?
they have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae
Chain isomers?
This is when the carbon chains get arranged differently
Most obvious is a straight chain that follows with branched options
Position isomers?
These are possible when there are functional groups that can be put in different positions
Functional group isomers?
These structural isomers have different functional groups, leading to very different physical and chemical properties
Stereo isomers?
these have the same molecular formula and order in which the atoms are bonded but differ in 3D space
Rules for more complicated molecules?
Atoms with a larger atomic number, are given high priority
If the atoms directly bonded to a carbon are the same you move to the next one
Trans isomers, E isomer?
the same groups are on opposite sides of the double bond
Cis isomers, Z isomer?
the same groups are on the same side of the double bond
