6: Organics I Flashcards by Ethan Beech

Hydrocarbons definition

Molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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Empirical formulae definition

The lowest whole number ratio of atoms

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Molecular formulae definition

The actual number of each type of atom

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General formulae definition

The algebraic formula for a homologous series

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Structural formulae definition

A minimal detail layout that shows the arrangement of atoms

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Displayed formulae definition

A drawing showing all covalent bonds

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Skeletal formulae definition

Simplified organic formulae without hydrogen atoms on alkyl chains

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Addition reaction definition

Two molecules react together to produce one

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Elimination reaction definition

The removal of a small molecule (often water) from the organic molecule

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Substitution reaction definition

Swapping a halogen atom for another atom/group of atoms

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Hydrolysis reaction definition

Adding water to an organic molecule

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Polymerisation reaction definition

Two molecules added together to form 1 longer chain

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Structural isomers definition

Same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms

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Homologous series definition

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula

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Functional group definition

An atom or group of atoms which cause molecules to have similar chemical properties

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Shape of a Z-isomer

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Shape of an E-isomer

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General formula for alkanes

C(n)H(2n+2)

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How are alkane fuels obtained?

The fractional distillation of crude oil

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Reforming definition

Turning straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons

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Benefits of reforming

Allow for more efficient combustion

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Harmful chemicals produced during combustion of alkane fuels and associated danger

CO toxic, NO toxic and can form smog, NO2 toxic and forms acid rain, SO2 forms acid rain, C global dimming and respiratory problems, unburnt hydrocarbon form smog

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Benefits of catalytic converters for waste gases

Cause CO2 and NO; hydrocarbons and NO; to react together, forming N2 and other products which are less harmful

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Advantages of biofuels

Renewable, Allows fossil fuels to be used for other purposes, no risk of large scale pollution

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Disadvantages of biofuels

Less space for food crop, shortage of fertile soil

Free radicals definition

Species with an unpaired electron

Formation of free radicals

Formed from homolytic fission of a covalent bond

Combustion of ethane

2(C2H6) + 7(O2) → 4(CO2) + 6(H2O)

(T) Free radical substitution of alkanes equations

Use ethane: 1 initialisation, 2 propagation, 3 termination

Reason for low yield of free radical substitutions

Further substitutions can occur

General formula for alkenes

C(n)H(2n)

Bonding in a C=C bond

1 σ and 1 π bond

Electrophile definition

An electron pair acceptor

Conditions and type of reaction for: alkene + hydrogen → alkane

- Addition/reduction | - Nickel catalyst

Use of hydrogenation

Hydrogenating C=C bond in vegetable fats and oils to produce margarine

Conditions and type of reaction for: Alkene + halogen → dihalogenoalkane

-Electrophilic addition

(T) Alkene + halogen → dihalogenoalkane

-π bond induces dipole in X(2)

(T) Alkene + hydrogen halide → dihalogenoalkane

-Major product formed via more stable carbocation

Conditions, reaction, use and type of reaction for: Formation of alcohol from alkene

-Alkene + steam + [O] → alcohol -KMnO4 in acidified solution -Purple MnO4(-) ions turn colourless Test for alkenes

Reaction and use of reaction for: Alkene + bromine water

- C2H4 + BrOH → CH2BrCH2OH - Bromine water turns colourless - Can be used to test for alkenes

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: hydration of alkene

- Alkene + H2O → alcohol - Hydration, electrophilic addition - 70atm, 300-600°C, Conc H3PO4 catalyst

Methods for disposing of waste polymers

- Incineration - Recycling - Feedstock for cracking

Benefits and negatives of incinerating waste polymers

+Releases energy for electricity production +Greatly reduces volume of rubbish -Some toxins released

Benefits and negatives of recylcing

+Saves raw materials | -Expensive to sort polymers

Benefits and negatives of feedstock for cracking

+Polymers broken down into small, more useful molecules | +Saves raw materials

Examples for what are biodegradable polymers made from

Maize and starch

Nucleophile definition

An electron pair donor

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: Formation of alcohol from halogenoalkane

- Halogenoalkane + KOH(aq) → alcohol - HUR - In aqueous solution - Nucleophilic substitution

(T) Halogenoalkane + KOH(aq) → alcohol for primary and tertiary halogenoalkane

Primary → SN1, Secondary → SN2

Reason for for different paths for Halogenoalkane + KOH(aq) → alcohol

The methyl groups prevent the OH(-) from attacking the halogenoalkane, Primary don't do SN1 as they would form and unstable carbocation - tertiary is stabilised by surrounding methyl groups

Reaction for: halogenoalkanes(haloethane) + silver nitrate(ethanol)

CH3Ch2X + H20 → CH3CH2OH + H(+) + X(-); X(-) + Ag(+) → AgX

Colours for AgI, AgBr, AgCl

AgI - yellow precipitate, AgBr - cream precipitate, AgCl - white precipitate

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of a nitrile from halogenoalkane

- halogenoalkane + KCN → nitrile - Nucleophilic substitution - HUR - Same as halogenoalkane + KOH(aq)

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of amine from halogenoalkane

- halogenoalkane + NH3 → nitrile - Nucleophilic substitution - Heat under pressure in sealed tube (Not HUR)

(T) Halogenoalkane + NH3 → nitrile

-Further substitutions

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of alkene from halogenoalkane

- halogenoalkane + KOH(ethanol) → alkene - In ethanol - Heat - Elimination - CH3CH2CH2X +KOH(ethanol) → CH3CH=CH2 + KX + H20

How to determine rates of hydrolysis in halogenoalkanes

Time taken for precipitate to form when silver nitrate is added

Halogenoalkane reactivity trends

iodo>bromo>chloro>fluoro

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of chloroalkane from alcohol

- Ch3Ch2OH + PCl5 → CH3CH2Cl + POCL3 + HCl | - HCl given off → test for alcohol

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of bromoalkane from alcohol

- CH3CH2OH + HBr → CH3CH2Br + H20 | - HBr formed by 50% conc H2SO4 + KBr

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: formation of iodoalkane from alcohol

- 3(CH3CH2OH) + PI3 → 3(CH3CH2I) + H3PO3 | - PI3 produced in situ by red phosphorus and iodine

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: oxidation of primary alcohols

- Primary alcohol → aldehyde → ketone - CH3CH2CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3CH2COOH + H20 - HUR - Reagent: K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4 - Orange Cr2O7(2-) → green Cr3+

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: oxidation of secondary alcohols

- Secondary alcohol → aldehyde - CH3CH(OH)CH3 + [O] → CH3C(O)CH3 + H2O - Reagent: K2Cr2O7 + dilute H2SO4 - Orange Cr2O7(2-) → green Cr3+

Reaction, type of reaction and conditions for: oxidation of tertiary alcohols

No reaction

6: Organics I Flashcards

(64 cards)