6 Personality Disorders Flashcards
(44 cards)
A _____ disorder is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships.
Someone other than the person with the personality disorder must decide whether the disorder is causing significant functional impairment, because the affected person often cannot make such a judgment.
personality
The personality disorders were included in a separate axis, Axis _____, because as a group they were seen as distinct.
II
Cluster A is called the _____ cluster; it includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
odd or eccentric
Cluster B is the _____ cluster; it consists of antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Cluster C is the _____ cluster; it includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
anxious or fearful
A. A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
- Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.
- Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
- Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.
- Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
- Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights)
- Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
- Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, or another psychotic disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition.
Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of schizophrenia, add “premorbid,” i.e., “_____ personality disorder (premorbid).”
Paranoid Personality Disorder
People with _____ personality disorder may be argumentative, may complain, or may be quiet. This style of interaction is communicated, sometimes nonverbally, to others, often resulting in discomfort among those who come in contact with them because of this volatility.
These individuals are sensitive to criticism and have an excessive need for autonomy. Having this disorder increases the risk of suicide attempts and violent behavior, and these people tend to have a poor overall quality of life.
paranoid
Relatives of individuals with _____ may be more likely to have paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorder than people who do not have a relative with schizophrenia.
schizophrenia
Retrospective research—asking people with this disorder to recall events from their childhood—suggests that early mistreatment or traumatic childhood experiences may play a role in the development of _____ personality disorder.
paranoid
A. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
- Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family.
- Almost always chooses solitary activities.
- Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person.
- Tal
Schizoid Personality Disorder
For them, social isolation may be extremely painful
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Abuse and neglect in childhood, childhood shyness, parents of children
with autism, is reported as a precursor to later adult _____ personality disorder.
schizoid
A. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
- Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference).
- Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or “sixth sense”: in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
- Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
- Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
- Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
- Inappropriate or constricted affect.
- Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.
- Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
- Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.
Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of schizophrenia, add “premorbid,” e.g., “_____ personality disorder (premorbid).”
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
People with _____ personality disorder are typically socially isolated, like those with schizoid personality disorder. In addition, they also behave in ways that would seem unusual to many of us, and they tend to be suspicious and to have odd beliefs.
schizotypal
Schizotypal personality disorder is considered by some to be on a continuum (that is, on the same spectrum) with schizophrenia, but without some of the more debilitating symptoms, such as _____.
hallucinations and delusions
Suspicious and have paranoid thoughts, express little emotion, and may dress or behave in unusual ways (for example, wear many layers of clothing in the summertime or mumble to themselves)
Schizotypal Personality
Some estimate that between 30% and 50% of the people with schizotypal personality disorder who request clinical help also meet the criteria for _____ disorder.
major depressive
People with _____ personality disorder are among the most puzzling of the individuals a clinician will see in a practice and are characterized as having a history of failing to comply with social norms.
antisocial
A. A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
- Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
- Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
- Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
- Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
- Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
- Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
- Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
B. The individual is at least age 18 years
C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.
D. The occurrence of _____ behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Philippe Pinel identified what he called _____ (mania without delirium) to describe people with unusual emotional responses and impulsive rages but no deficits in reasoning ability.
manie sans délire
Other labels have included moral insanity, egopathy,sociopathy, and psychopathy.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Six of the criteria that Hare includes in his _____ Checklist (PCL-R) are as follows:
- Glibness/superficial charm
- Grandiose sense of self-worth
- Pathological lying
- Conning/manipulative
- Lack of remorse or guilt
- Callous/lack of empathy
Revised Psychopathy
A. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of at least three of the following 15 criteria in the past 12 months from any of the categories below, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:
Aggression to People and Animals
1. Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others.
2. Often initiates physical fights.
3. Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., a bat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun).
4. Has been physically cruel to people
5. Has been physically cruel to animals.
6. Has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery).
7. Has forced someone into sexual activity.
Destruction of Property
8. Has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage.
9. Has deliberately destroyed others’ property (other than by fire setting).
Deceitful ness or Theft
10. Has broken into someone else’s house, building, or car.
11. Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., “cons” others).
12. Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering: forgery).
Serious Violations of Rules
13. Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years.
14. Has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in the parental or parental surrogate home, or once without returning for a lengthy period.
15. Is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 years.
B. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
C. If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for antisocial personality disorder.
Specify whether:
- 81 (F91.1) Childhood-onset type: Individuals show at least one symptom characteristic of _____ disorder prior to age 10 years.
- 82 (F91.2) Adolescent-onset type: Individuals show no symptom characteristic of _____ disorder prior to age 10 years.
- 89 (F91.9) Unspecified onset: Criteria for a diagnosis of _____ disorder are met, but there is not enough information available to determine whether the onset of the first symptom was before or after age 10 years.
Specify if:
With limited prosocial emotions: To qualify for this specifier, an individual must have displayed at least two of the following characteristics persistently over at least 12 months and in multiple relationships and settings. These characteristics reflect the individual’s typical pattern of interpersonal and emotional functioning over this period and not just occasional occurrences in some situations. Thus, to assess the criteria for the specifier, multiple information sources are necessary. In addition to the individual’s self-report, it is necessary to consider reports by others who have known the individual for extended periods of time (e.g., parents, teachers, co-workers, extended family members, peers).
Lack of remorse or guilt: Does not feel bad or guilty when he or she does something wrong (exclude remorse when expressed only when caught and/or facing punishment). The individual shows a general lack of concern about the negative consequences of his or her actions. For example, the individual is not remorseful after hurting someone or does not care about the consequences of breaking rules.
Callous—lack of empathy: Disregards and is unconcerned about the feelings of others. The individual is described as cold and uncaring. The person appears more concerned about the effects of his or her actions on himself or herself, rather than their effects on others, even when they result in substantial harm to others
Unconcerned about performance: Does not show concern about poor/problematic performance at school, at work, or in other important activities. The individual does not put forth the effort necessary to perform well, even when expectations are clear, and typically blames others for his or her poor performance.
Shallow or deficient affect: Does not express feelings or show emotions to others, except in ways that seem shallow, insincere, or superficial (e.g., actions contradict the emotion displayed; can turn emotions “on” or “off’ quickly) or when emotional expressions are used for gain (e.g., emotions displayed to manipulate or intimidate others).
Specify current severity:
Mild: Few if any _____ problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis are present, and _____ problems cause relatively minor harm to others (e.g., lying, truancy, staying out after dark without permission, other rule breaking).
Moderate: The number of _____ problems and the effect on others are intermediate between those specified in “mild” and those in “severe” (e.g., stealing without confronting a victim, vandalism).
Severe: Many _____ problems in excess of those required to make the diagnosis are present, or _____ problems cause considerable harm to others (e.g., forced sex, physical cruelty, use of a weapon, stealing while confronting a victim, breaking and entering).
Conduct Disorder
It is important to note the developmental nature of antisocial behavior. DSM-5 provides a separate diagnosis for children who engage in behaviors that violate society’s norms: _____ disorder.
conduct
