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IGCSE Geography > 6. Urban Environments > Flashcards

6. Urban Environments Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The process of people moving to urban areas to live and work.

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2
Q

What is the rate of urbanisation?

A

How fast the level of urbanisation increases.

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3
Q

What is the level of urbanisation?

A

The percentage of a population living and working in urban areas at a given point in time.

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4
Q

What are the stages of urbanisation? (1-3)

A
  1. Agglomeration - settlement concentrated around a certain area (eg river) or close to natural resources.
  2. Suburbanisation - towns expand outwards as they grow, suburbs created due to improvement in transport and are made up of houses, workplaces and services.
  3. Commuting - people live in more rural settlements while still travelling to the same urban workplace.
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5
Q

What are the stages of urbanisation? (4-7)

A
  1. Urban regeneration - re-using older areas of the city which have been abandoned.
  2. Counter-urbanisation - people and businesses move further out to smaller towns/cities or more rural areas.
  3. Urban re-imaging - developing a town/city to change the way people view it
  4. Urbanisation of suburbs - suburbs being developed further
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6
Q

Factors affecting rate of urbanisation

A 
Industrialisation
High birth rate/low death rate
Better housing
Better healthcare
Better education
Growth in national economy
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7
Q

How does the pace of economic development affect the rate of urbanisation?

A

Economic growth drives urbanisation
When growth of secondary and tertiary sectors is fast, so is rate of urbanisation
As economic growth increases, there is an increasing demand for labour

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8
Q

How does the rate of population growth affect the rate of urbanisation?

A

Economic growth needs an increased supply of labour
Sometimes by natural increase
Usually by rural-urban migration - people move to city for better lifestyle

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9
Q

The Clark-Fisher Sector Model

A

Diagram showing how employment structures in a country change over time
Links to urbanisation

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10
Q

Pre-industrial stage

A 
Majority employed in primary industries eg farming in rural areas
Low development
Slow and inefficient 
Labour-intensive
eg Kenya
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11
Q

Industrial stage

A

People start to move to cities to work in factories
Development increases
Faster machines
eg Vietnam

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12
Q

Post-industrial stage

A

Most people living in cities
High development
Less manufacturing
eg Singapore

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13
Q

Natural increase

A

Birth rate - death rate

Higher in developing countries (higher birth rate)

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14
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population over 10 million

eg Shanghai, Tokyo

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15
Q

What is a global/world city?

A

Financial hubs in the global economy
Population of over 1 mil (not necessarily megacities)
eg Singapore, Toronto

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16
Q

Areas of a city

A

Central business district (CBD)
Industrial areas
Residential areas
Shopping centres

17
Q

Factors affecting land values

A 
Demand
Proximity to centre/facilities
Crime levels
Noise/pollution levels
Quality of services
18
Q

What is the peak land value intersection (PLVI)?

A

The place where land values are highest

Often in/near the city centre

19
Q

Characteristics of the CBD

A

Lots of office buildings
Most accessible
Most expensive
Centre of city

20
Q

Characteristics of the inner city

A

Some factories
Close to railways and canals
Low quality terraced housing

21
Q

Characteristics of the suburbs

A

Less competitive housing market
High concentration but lower density than CBD
Cheaper and more spacious

22
Q

Characteristics of the rural-urban fringe (RUF)

A

Where the city ends and countryside begins
Houses a lot more spaced our
Some businesses moving here

23
Q

What urban challenges are faced in both developed and developing countries?

A 
Food supply inequality
Energy supply 
Transport
Waste disposal
Pollution 
Crime
Segregation
Concentrated resource consumption
24
Q

What urban challenges are faced only in developing countries?

A

Squatter settlements
Low quality of life
Informal economy

25
Q

Background info on Dhaka, Bangladesh

A

Population: 21 mil (megacity)
GDP per capita: $1,698
Location: central Bangladesh, banks of the Buriganga river
Economy: 35% of Bangladesh total, growth in banking and manufacturing

26
Q

Squatter settlements in Dhaka

A

Korail Slum
15% of people in Dhaka live in slums (such as Korail, the largest)
Covers 40km2 and has more than 50,000 residents
Majority of people living below the poverty line and work in extremely low income jobs

27
Q

Informal economy in Dhaka

A

Employment that is not controlled/regulated by government
Provides the poor with a means of survival
No healthcare/unemployment benefits
Uncertain legal status
Child workers miss out on education

28
Q

Urban pollution in Dhaka

A

One of the most polluted cities in the world
Both air and water
AQI 372 (extremely unhealthy)
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, smoke, dust

29
Q

What is the rural-urban fringe (RUF)?

A

The area where open countryside meets the built up areas of towns and cities.

30
Q

What are push factors of the RUF?

A

In the city:
Housing is old and relatively expensive
Shortage of land in cities
Poor air quality due to pollution

31
Q

What are pull factors of the RUF?

A

Land is cheaper so houses are larger
Room for factories and car parks
Motorway links for easy accessibility
Car drivers favour new developments

32
Q

Burgess concentric zone model

A

Towns and cities grow outwards from a historic nucleus
Four zones (CBD, inner city, inner suburbs, outer suburbs)
Age and density of buildings decreases as you go outwards

33
Q

Hoyt model

A

Classified on income
Acknowledges transport
CBD; industrial areas; working, middle and high class housing

34
Q

What are the limitations of urban land use models?

A

Zones not as clear-cut as shown on model
Based on flat land
(Burgess) based on only 1 USA city

35
Q

What problems are associated with rapid urbanisation?

A 
Congestion 
Transport
Employment
Crime
Environmental issues
Housing and services
36
Q

Background info on Cambridge, UK

A

SE England
55mi north of London via M11
Population: 124,798
Hub for education and technology

37
Q

Housing estate in Cambridge

A 
Cambourne on the RUF
10mi west of city via A428
Planned in early 1990s to help with expansion
12,000 people and 4,250 homes
4 primary and 1 secondary schools
Supermarket, petrol station, cafes, GP

IGCSE Geography (5 decks)

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