Chapter 13- Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek philosopher, viewed species as permanent

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2
Q

Lamark

A

French naturalist, organisms can pass on acquired traits

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3
Q

Lyell

A

Wrote a book on the principles of geology, natural forces gradually change Earth’s surface

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4
Q

Wallace

A

British naturalist, conceived a theory almost identical to Darwin

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5
Q

Describe Darwin’s idea of “descent with modification”

A

As the descendants of a remote ancestor spread into various habitats over millions of years, they adapt separately according to the environment they live in

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6
Q

List two observations Darwin made which guided him into his ideas of natural selection

A
  1. Members of a population often vary in their traits, and most traits are inherited from parent to offspring
  2. All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support
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7
Q

List two inferences Darwin made from his observations

A
  1. Individuals with more favorable traits have a higher probability of of surviving to reproduce, produce more offspring than others
  2. This unequal production of offspring will cause favorable traits to accumulate in a population over generations
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8
Q

What did Darwin deduce from the work of Malthus?

A

The production of more individuals than the limited resources can support leads to a struggle for existence, with only some offspring surviving

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9
Q

Compare and contrast natural and artificial selection

A

Artificial selection- much faster

Natural selection- over a long time

Both-select for desired traits

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10
Q

Identify the three key points about evolution by natural selection summarized in section 13.2

A
  1. Individuals do not evolve
  2. Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
  3. Evolution is not goal directed
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11
Q

List at least four different types of fossils

A

Amber, casts, remains, imprints

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12
Q

Biogeography

A

Geographic distribution of species

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13
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Anatomical similarities between many species

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14
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in characteristics that results from common ancestry

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15
Q

Homologous structures

A

Features with different functions but similar structures

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16
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Structures with marginal or no importance to the organism

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17
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Comparing one organisms embryo to another

18
Q

Molecular biology

A

Enables scientists to read a molecular history of evolution in the DNA sequence of organisms

19
Q

What does an evolutionary tree represent?

A

Patterns of descent from an ancestor to a descendant species

20
Q

What information is used to create an evolutionary tree?

A

Homologous structures both anatomical and molecular

21
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time

22
Q

Gene pool

A

The total collection of genes in a population at any one time

23
Q

Micro evolution

A

When the relative frequencies of alleles in a population change over a number of generations

24
Q

Why can’t an individual evolve

A

An individuals genes don’t change during its lifetime

25
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation

A

Mutations and sexual reproduction

26
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA

27
Q

What three components of sexual reproduction contribute to variation

A

Independent orientation, random fertilization, crossing over

28
Q

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation…

A

Sexual reproduction alone does not lead to evolution

29
Q

For a population to be Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what five main condition must it satisfy?

A
Very large population
No gene flow between populations
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
30
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

31
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

A drastic reduction in population size and change in allele frequencies

32
Q

What is the founder effect

A

The smaller group, less likely to represent the population they left. Differences in the gene pool of a small colony compared to the original population

33
Q

What is gene flow?

A

A population may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move in or out of a population

34
Q

Define “fitness” as it applies to natural selection

A

Contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

35
Q

What organism is” fit” in any population?

A

Those who produce the largest number of viable fertile offspring

36
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range

37
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors intermediate types

38
Q

Directional selection

A

Shifts overall makeup of population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes

39
Q

Define sexual dimorphism

A

Difference of males and females

Ex: peacock has a large tail peahen does not

40
Q

Compare and contrast intrasexual vs intersexual selection

A

Intrasexual: same sex compete against each other for mates

Intersexual: usually makes try to show off to gain approval of females

41
Q

How do diploidy and heterozygote advantage allow for the preservation of alleles which would normally be selected against?

A

Recessive alleles are hidden/protected

42
Q

Why can’t natural selection produce the “perfect” organism?

A

It can only act on existing variations, one adaptation can usually work well in one area but not another, organisms are not always the best suited for their environment if they disperse