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A2 History Germany Essay Plans > “It was Gorbachev’s acceptance of German unification that made reunification between the FRG and GDR inevitable in 1990” How far do you agree with this statement. > Flashcards

“It was Gorbachev’s acceptance of German unification that made reunification between the FRG and GDR inevitable in 1990” How far do you agree with this statement. Flashcards

1
Q

What four factors need to be discussed?

A

Gorbachev’s acceptance
Other reasons for unity
Other examples of inevitability
Evidence that unification was not inevitable

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2
Q

What are the two categories of Gorbachev’s acceptance?

A

before and after the wall had fallen

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3
Q

When did Gorbachev become leader of the USSR and how old was he when he did?

A

1985 54

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4
Q

What two policies did Gorbachev pursue?

A

Glasnost and Perestroika

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5
Q

Glasnost and Perestroika means what?

A

Openness to ideas of the west and restructuring of the political institutions within the country

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6
Q

Gorbachev’s economic changes did what?

A

paved the way for greater freedom of speech and political participation in the USSR

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7
Q

What were the implications of Glasnost and Perestroika for the Eastern European soviet satellite states?

A

declining economic and military support for their East European satellite states

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8
Q

What did Gorbachev abandon in 1986?

A

Brezhnev Doctrine

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9
Q

What did the Brezhnev Doctrine do for the Eastern European states?

A

limited the sovereignty of Eastern Satellite states

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10
Q

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine replaced with?

A

Sinatra Doctrine

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11
Q

What did the Sinatra Doctrine do for the Eastern European states?

A

gave the USSR’s communist Eastern European satellite states a greater degree of autonomy sovereignty and freedom

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12
Q

Between when was Honecker the dictator of the GDR?

A

1971-89

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13
Q

Describe Honecker’s 1971-89 regime?

A

A bastion of old-style communism

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14
Q

When did Gorbachev visit the East Germany?

A

On the 7th October 1989 celebrations of the 40-year anniversary of the creation

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15
Q

When Gorbachev visited East Germany for the 7th October 1989 celebrations of the 40-year anniversary of the creation of the GDR, what did he urge Honecker to do?

A

Adopt a similar policy of reform to what he was doing in the USSR, yet he was not successful in persuading him

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16
Q

When did Honecker leave the GDR leadership and who was he replaced by?

A

18th october Egon Krenz

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17
Q

When did the Leipzig demonstrations start, and what was the reaction of Honecker?

A

9th October, 70 000 protesters defied the Stasi to gather in Leipzig, however Honecker wanted to crush the demonstrations

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18
Q

Why did Honecker not crush the Leipzig demonstrations?

A

It was only thanks to Krenz, then the deputy chairman of the council of state backed by the Soviet ambassador to Berlin, that this was blocked.

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19
Q

In his inaugural public address, what did Krenz announce support for?

A

Perestroika

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20
Q

Krenz’s support of Perestroika meant that he lifted what?

A

restrictions on travel to other states

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21
Q

What fact shows Krenz’s support of Perestroika by lifting restrictions on travel to other states?

A

Between the 1st and 3rd of November 10 000 people travelled to West Germany via Czechoslovakia.

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22
Q

How did Gorbachev’s promise that he would not use military force to defend unpopular communist states manifest itself?

A

1.5 million Soviet troops in the GDR remained in their barracks when the wall fell at Bornholmer bridge

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23
Q

What action of Gorbachev perhaps signalled a thaw in relations between East and West?

A

Gorbachev successfully visited Bonn in June 1989 perhaps signalling a thaw in relations between east and west.

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24
Q

What willingness by the FRG under Kohl perhaps signalled a thaw in relations between East and West?

A

Throughout the 1980s, the FRG under Kohl since 1982 had shown its willingness to work with reforming Communist countries such as Poland and Hungary

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25
Q

When did Kohl go to Moscow?

A

February 1990

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26
Q

When Kohl visited Moscow in February 1990, what landmark statement did Gorbachev make that suggests that he had accepted the unity of Germany?

A

The German People must decide for themselves which path they choose to follow”.

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27
Q

If Gorbachev’s actions were to make unity inevitable, it was his acceptance of what that truly did?

A

the GDR being a member of NATO

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28
Q

What did Bush announce in december 1989?

A

the USA would only support unity if they new German state was a member of NATO

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29
Q

For Gorbachev in 1989, what was evident about the GDR and how willing was he to pursue this?

A

For Gorbachev it was clear only a massive loan could prop up the GDR and he was unwilling to pursue this given Moscow’s own economic problems.

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30
Q

When did the 4+2 negations commence?

A

March 1990

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31
Q

What was the key issue of the 4+2 conference?

A

NATO

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32
Q

The success of what in January 1990 put renewed pressure on Gorbachev?

A

The CDU led Alliance for Germany

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33
Q

What did the success of the CDU led Alliance for Germany mean for Parliament?

A

It was now firmly in favour of unity

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34
Q

How did the Alliance for Germany request membership of Germany?

A

The Alliance for Germany requested membership of the FRG under Article 23

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35
Q

What did Article 23 combine with to put extreme pressure on the USSR?

A

Economic unity in july

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36
Q

What suggests that Gorbachev did not want to accept unity, but was forced to accept it was the reality?

A

The USSR was in its own financial crisis and required foreign loans, a request rejected by both the USA and UK which meant that Gorbachev had to turn to the FRG for help.

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37
Q

When did Gorbachev tell Bush that he would accept a unified Germany within NATO?

A

May

38
Q

When did the 4+2 powers sign the treaty that unified Germany?

A

12th September 1990

39
Q

After Gorbachev told Bush that he would accept a unified Germany as a member of NATO, what discussions remained?

A

Further negotiations regarding the withdrawal of the Soviet Troops from East Germany and the Eastern border of Germany were also concluded with Kohl.

40
Q

What are the three ‘other reasons for unity that need to be discussed’?

A

Collapse of the GDR
Migration Crisis
Kohl’s 10 point plan November 1989

41
Q

An option poll when showed what percentage of East Germans favoured unity?

A

Late November 1989

42
Q

What was flooding into the GDR leading to economic chaos?

A

Western Consumer goods

43
Q

By what percentage did productivity fall in GDR factories due to the exodus?

A

50%

44
Q

What were the environmental conditions in the GDR?

A

The GDR had the worst environmental conditions in the world, with the highest levels of CO2 and SO2 in the world. Forests were threatened with acid rain and respiratory illnesses were twice the European Average.

45
Q

compare the GDR life expectancy with the FRG?

A

1989 the life expectancy of a GDR citizen was 2 1/2 years lower for men and 7 years lower for women compared to the FRG.

46
Q

When did Kohl visit the east, when was this and what was his reception?

A

Kohl visited Dresden in the East on the 19th December and he received a huge welcome with 100 000 people gathering to hear him talk.

47
Q

When were the mass protests in Leipzig following the wall of the wall calling for unity?

A

11th December 1989, mass demonstrations of 300 000 people took place in Leipzig with protestors carrying german flags and calling for unification.

48
Q

When was the Stasi HQ stormed, a pillar of the communist state?

A

Stasi Headquarters, the bastion of the socialist state’s oppression and pillars of the communist regime, stormed by protesters on the 15th January 1990.

49
Q

Even before the wall fell, how many left the GDR in 1987?

A

1.2 million

50
Q

In November 1989, how many GDRs left for the FRG?

A

133 000

51
Q

In January 1990, how many GDRs left for the FRG?

A

60 000

52
Q

When the wall fell, how many left the GDR every day?

A

2 000

53
Q

The 2000 people who left the GDR everyday when the wall fell created unity in what way?

A

This led to unification not only because of the integration that it provided but also because that it was fundamentally unsustainable to be losing so many people from the country.

54
Q

When did Hungary open its border with Austria?

A

2nd May 1989

55
Q

What happened thanks to Hungary opening its border with Austria in October 1989?

A

By 7th October, 40 000 East Germans had crossed into Austria via the Hungarian border

56
Q

When in november were people camped outside the German embassy in Prague and how many were camped there?

A

By 3rd November, 45 000 Germans were camped in or around the German embassy in Prague. Every time a new agreement was reached this would empty and then fill up again.

57
Q

Between August and November 1989 alone, how many people left the country at a peak rate of how many a day?

A

200 000 9 000

58
Q

How many more were estimated to want to join the 200 000 who left the GDR between August and November 1989?

A

1.3 million more Germans

59
Q

Those who left were?

A

mostly middle class, skilled workers whose loss was great for the economy and structure of the state

60
Q

What was the aim of the 10 point plan?

A

Aimed to stabilise the migrant situation by moving Germany towards a confederate state.

61
Q

When was the 10 point plan?

A

28th November 1989

62
Q

Other than the migrant crisis, what was the motivation for the passage of the 10 point plan?

A

It had selfish motivation with the CDU polling low and believing that by announcing the plan, he would win the next election.

63
Q

When Kohl made his speech to the Bundestag, what did he call for?

A

“regain Germany’s national unity”

64
Q

Kohl was the first chancellor in how many years to call for reunification?

A

20

65
Q

What are the three other examples of inevitability that need to be known?

A

1) Currency Union
2) Domestic policies
3) fall of the berlin wall

66
Q

When did the currency union take effect?

A

1st July 1990

67
Q

What did the currency union do to the currencies?

A

The Deutschmark replaced the almost worthless East German mark as the official currency of East Germany.

68
Q

How were wages and pensions paid?

A

In German marks at par with the East German currency

69
Q

Under the currency union, what would the FRG continue to do that they had been doing since 1983?

A

the FRG would provide massive loans to cover the GRR pensions and unemployment benefits

70
Q

As well as fiscal laws, what also came into force in the GDR from the FRG?

A

Other laws too, which created a strong framework for unity because it diminished the huge gap between the two existing political, social and economic systems.

71
Q

In November 1989, how many had taken to the streets in East Germany?

A

750 000

72
Q

When was there a mass protest in Berlin calling for political freedom, legalisation of the opposition groups and unrestricted travel?

A

4th November

73
Q

Who annoucned the new travel policy for the GDR, what was the policy and hone did he announce it?

A

At a press conference on the 9th November, Gunter Schabowski of the SED announced a new policy whereby anyone with a passport would have greater travel rights, starting ‘immediately’.

74
Q

When did the wall fall?

A

23:20 at Bornholmer bridge the wall fell

75
Q

in the March 1990 elections, how well did the alliance for Germany do?

A

192 out of 400 seats in the March 1990

76
Q

What does the success of FRG parties in the March 1990 GDR elections show?

A

The success of the CDU and other FRG parties and the fall of the East German SED signalled a desperation amongst GDR citizens to unify with West Germany.

77
Q

Following the March 1990 elections, who formed a coalition between the PSD and the League of Free Democrats?

A

Mazière

78
Q

Who led france?

A

Mitterand

79
Q

Who told Bush, despite their large domestic support for the issue, that they opposed unity?

A

Thatcher and Mitterand

80
Q

What did Thatcher tell Gorbachev?

A

That they did not want a untied Germany

81
Q

Until 1990, what were Britain and France determined was the best way forward?

A

still believed it was possible to save the GDR through loans, despite its dire economic condition

82
Q

Thatcher and Mitterand’s willingness to prop up the GDR with loans despite the extent of its economic collapse is indicative of what?

A

The sheer extent of their resistance to the unification

83
Q

How did Miterrand brand the Germans?

A

Bad Germans

84
Q

Who was the President of the EU commission and what did he suggest?

A

Jack Delors, President of the European Commission, suggested that the GDR could even become a members of the EU as a second German state and so avoiding unity.

85
Q

Who was the polish PM and why was he concerned about a unified Germany?

A

Jaruzelski in Poland was also gravely concerned about the revival of an expansionist European power.

86
Q

What did the European foreign powers concerned about a united Germany all have in common?

A

Occupied by Germany

87
Q

Why was left wing opposition across germany united against unity?

A

It was capitalism taking over communism

88
Q

Who replaced Krenz as PM and how long did this last?

A

13th November a new leadership assumed power in East Germany which lasted until April 1990, with Hans Modrow, a moderate SED reformer, replacing Egon Krenz as PM

89
Q

What did Modrow hope to find?

A

The new leaders opposed a Western take-over. They hoped to find a ‘third way’ which would ensure the survival of a separate, model-socialist East German State.

90
Q

How did Modrow attempt to save the country that actually destroyed it?

A

In a desperate attempt to save the country, SED Modrow announced elections for March 18th 1990, however this ushered in the ‘alliance for Germany’.

91
Q

Who was the FRG’s SPD leader and what did he urge East Germans to do?

A

Oscar Lafontaine encouraged GDR citizens to vote for the SPD in order to slow down the unification process so that it would be carried out in an orderly way

92
Q

Complete the sentence: So poor was the USSR’s situation that by 1989, their ability to give resistance to..

A

…the passage of unity was almost negligible.

A2 History Germany Essay Plans (16 decks)

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