Week 11 CTL

Question 1

What are the different types of vaccines

Answer 1

Living vaccines e.g. measles
Inactivated vaccines e.g. killed whole vaccines
Subunit of vaccines e.g. synthetic vaccines

Question 2

What are the major constituents of vaccines

Answer 2

The source of the antigen e.g recombinant bacteria or the live or inactivated bacteria/virus
Additives (preservatives, diluents, stabilisers, adjuvants

Question 3

Compare and contrast the two adaptive immune systems

Answer 3

Innate immune system

• non specific
• rapid
• present at birth
• provides general protection against a wide variety of pathogens
• always active
• includes the first line of defence (external body membranes and mucosae)
• Second line of defence (phagocytes and antimicrobial proteins and other cells)

Adaptive immunity:

• takes longer to develop
• attacks a specific foreign substance
• Involves activating specific lymphocytes that combat a specific pathogen
• Develops memory
• responses are highly evolved
• Includes cellular and humoral components

Question 4

What are the granulocytes

Answer 4

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

Question 5

What are the agranulocoytes

Answer 5

Monocytes (become macrophages)

Lymphocytes

Question 6

What are the primary organs of the lymphatic system and its function

Answer 6

Bone marrow (T + B lymphocytes)
Thymus ( Lymphocytes)

Function: This is where lymphocytes develop and mature

Question 7

What are the secondary organs of the lymphatic system and its function

Answer 7

Lymph nodes
Spleen
MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue in intestine and skin)

Function: Naive lymphocytes encounter antigens and are stimulated to become effector and memory cells

Question 8

What do the mechanical defences of the innate immune system include (FIRST LINE)

Answer 8

Skin
Mucous membranes
Tears
Saliva
Cilia
Urine
vomiting 
Defecating

Question 9

What do the internal defences of the innate immune system (SECOND LINE) include

Answer 9

• antimicrobial proteins (complement proteins, interferon cytokines and mediators of inflammation)
• Cells
  (neutrophils and macrophages
  NK cells

Question 10

Describe the humoral immune response

Answer 10

• Antibody-mediated
• Has extracellular targets
• Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes that circulate freely in the blood
• B cells are costimulated by T cells that then differentiate into a clone of plasma (B-effector) cells that produce large amounts of antibodies
• The antigen is recognised and bound and marked for destruction by phagocytes or complement

Question 11

Describe the cellular immune response

Answer 11

• cell mediated
• Has cellular targets
• lymphocytes act against target cell directyl by killing invading cells and also indirecetly by releasing chemicals that enhace the inflammatory response or activate other lymphocytes and macrophages
• A small number of t cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells

Question 12

What are antigen presenting cells

Answer 12

They bind and present the antigens for T-cells for recognition. Do not respond to specific antigens. Play auxillary role in immunity
- DENDRITIC CELLS : mobile sentinels of boundary tissue e.g skin, they phagocyte pathogens then enter lymphatics to present antigens to T-cells (link between innate and adaptive)

• MACROPHAGES
• B- CELLS