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REPRO > Male anatomy > Flashcards

Male anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Testis
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Accessory reproductive glands
  • Penis
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2
Q

Outline the journey of sperm from production to expulsion

A
  • Made in testis
  • Then into epididymis
  • Develop functionality
  • Travel whole lenght then stored in epididymis
  • Then into ductus deferens
  • Pelvic urethra
  • Accessory glands produce semina plasma
  • Mixes with sperm, expelled together as semen
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3
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A
  • Male gonad
  • Production of spermatozoa
  • Endocrine gland producing testosterone
  • Some oestrogen production
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4
Q

Where is the testis located?

A

In an evagination of the peritoneum called the vaginal tunic

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5
Q

What is the testis covered by? (Going from closest to the testis, moving out)

A
  • Tunica albuginea
  • Visceral layer of vaginal tunic
  • Parietal layer of vaginal tunic
  • Scrotal fascia
  • Tunica dartos
  • Scrotal skin
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6
Q

What is the vaginal cavity?

A
  • Space between the parietal and visceral layers of vaginal tunic
  • Connects directly to the peritoneal cavity
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7
Q

What is the tunica albuginea made up of?

A
  • Covers the testis itself
  • Made up of connective tissue (collagen)
  • Smooth muscle
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8
Q

What is the scrotum made up of?

A
  • Parietal vaginal tunic
  • Scrotal fascia
  • Tunica dartos
  • Scrotal skin
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9
Q

What cell type is the vaginal tunic made up of?

A

Peritoneal cells

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10
Q

What are the components of the testis?

A
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Interstitial components
  • Mediastinum (connective tissue) with rete testis
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11
Q

What are the components of the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Tubulus contortus

- Tubulus rectus

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12
Q

Where is the tunica dartos?

A
  • Within scrotal skin
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13
Q

What is the function of the tunica dartos?

A
  • Smooth muscle contraction
  • Response to temperature
  • Sustain contraction
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14
Q

Describe the role of the scrotal skin in regulation of testicular temperature

A
  • Innervated by sympathetic nerves
  • Elevated temp detected by hypothalamus
  • Nerve impulse to sweat glands and increase resp rate
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15
Q

What cells are found in the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Sertoli

- Leydig

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16
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Production of sperm

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17
Q

What is the function of the Leydig cells?

A
  • Steroidogenic

- Produce testosterone

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18
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A
  • Interstitial area of seminiferous tubules

- Outside of basal membrane of seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

Where are the sertoli cells located?

A

Sit on basal membrane

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20
Q

What is the function of the Sertoli cells?

A

Support germ cels which develop from spermatogona to functional sperm cells

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21
Q

What does the epithelium of testicular lobules consist of?

A
  • Basal compartment

- Adluminal compartment

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22
Q

Describe the transport of spermatocytes from their production site to the epididymis

A
  • Made in tubulus contortus
  • Runs into tubulus rectus
  • Then into rete testis
  • Then run into efferent ducts which run into the epididymis
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23
Q

What are the 3 components of the epididymis?

A

Head, body and tail

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24
Q

What anatomical features of the epididymis aids the transport of spermatozoa?

A
  • Surrounded by smooth muscle

- Rhythmic contractions transport sperm

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25
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A
  • Resorption of fluid

- Secretion of proteins

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26
Q

What is meant by the epididymal transit time?

A

Time taken for spermatozoa to travel from teh proximal head to the distal tail of the epididymis

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27
Q

What is the specific function of the head and body of the epididymis?

A

Maturatin of the sperm

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28
Q

What is the function of the tail of the epididymis?

A

Storage of sperm

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29
Q

What happens in the tail of the epididymis during sexual stimulation?

A
  • Smooth muscles contract

- Spermatozoa transported to ductus deferens

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30
Q

How is a build up of sperm avoided?

A
  • Production does not stop
  • Long periods without ejaculation, have contractions moving spermatozoa to ductus deferens
  • Then via pelvic urethra to be voided in urine
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31
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

Connection/transport from epididymis tail to pelvic urethra

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32
Q

What allows the ductus deferens to carry out its function?

A
  • Very strong smooth muscle wall

- Propulsion of spermatozoa into pelvic urethra

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33
Q

Describe the path taken by the ductus deferens

A

From testis through inguinal ring

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34
Q

What structures make up the spermatic cord?

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Testicular artery and vein (pampiniform plexus)
  • nerve and lymphatic supply
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35
Q

What surrounds the spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster muscle

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36
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Short term elevation of the testis

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37
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A
  • Heat exchange
  • Pulse pressure elimination
  • Transfer of testosterone from testicular vein to artey
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38
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pampiniform plexus

A
  • Testicular artery through inguinal canal, highly convoluted
  • Tiny venules wrap around it
  • Lose heat from artery to cooler venules
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39
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

The venous network around the testicular artery

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40
Q

Describe the temperature control using the tunica dartos

A
  • Smooth msucle in scrotal skin

- Contracts (long term) to bring testes to warmer environment

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41
Q

What is the blood supply to the testis?

A

Right and left testicular arteries

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42
Q

What is the origin of the testicular arteries?

A

Direct branches of abdominal aorta

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43
Q

What is the venous drainage of the testes?

A

Right and left testicular veins

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44
Q

Where do the testicular veins open into?

A
  • Right: direct to caudal vena cava

- Left: left renal vein

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45
Q

What are the 5 main pelvic arteries

A
  • External iliac
  • Internal iliac
  • Coccygeal
  • External pudendal
  • Internal pudendal
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46
Q

What do the external, internal iliac and coccygeal arteries supply?

A

Tail

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47
Q

What does the external pudendal artery supply?

A

Penis

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48
Q

What does the internal pudendal supply?

A

Connects to dorsal penal artery

49
Q

What does the internal iliac branch into?

A

Internal pudendal and prostethic artery

50
Q

What is the function of the accessory glands?

A

Production of seminal plasma

- transport medium

51
Q

Name the accessory glands

A
  • Ampulla
  • Vesicular gland
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland
52
Q

What are the 2 forms of the prostate gland?

A
  • Body (corpus prostate)

- Disseminate

53
Q

Describe the locations of the accessory glands

A
  • Ampulls: mucosal growth at end of DD.
  • Opens into pelvic urehra
  • Budding off these have vesicular glands
  • Single opening to pelvic urethra (except boar, separate openings)
54
Q

What is the colliculus seminalis (CS) in the stallion?

A
  • Opening of ejaculatory ducts
  • Common duct of ampulla and vesicular gland
  • Open into dorsal aspect of pelvic urethra
55
Q

What accessory glands are present in the boar?

A
  • No ampulla, all others present

- Large bulbourethral glands

56
Q

What accessory glands are present in the dog?

A
  • Only ampulla and prostate body

- large prostate

57
Q

What is unusual about the prostate gland in the dog?

A

Bilobed and surrounds urethra

58
Q

What accessory glands are present in the bull?

A

All (ampulla, vesicular, prostate body and disseminate, bulbourethral)

59
Q

What accessory glands are present in horses?

A

Ampulla, vesicular, prostate body, bulbourethral

60
Q

What accessory glands are present in small ruminants?

A

Ampulla, vesicular, prostate disseminate, bulbourethral

61
Q

What accessory glands are present in the cat?

A

Prostate body and bulbourethral

62
Q

List different prostate disease in the dog

A
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • Bacterial prostatitis
  • Prostatic cysts
63
Q

What features allow the seminal plasma to carry out its function?

A
  • Fructose as energy source (not stallion)
  • May be coagulating
  • Buffer
  • Prostaglandin
64
Q

Where is the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Around the bulbourethral glands and penile urethra

65
Q

What type of muscle fibre is the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Striated

66
Q

What are the 3 regions of the penis?

A
  • Root
  • Body (shaft)
  • Glans
67
Q

What is the root of the penis?

A
  • Paired crura
  • Attached to ischiatic arch
  • Attachment to skeletal system
68
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A
  • Pump blood into penis during process of erection

- Encloses the crura penis

69
Q

What type of muscle fibre is the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A

Striated

70
Q

Describe the erectile tissue in the penis

A
  • 3 columns
  • Corpus cavernosum x2
  • Corpus spongiosum
71
Q

Describe the corpus cavernosum

A
  • Base of crura
  • Main part of corpus
  • Surrounded by dense connective tissue (tunica albuginea)
  • Filled by blood during erection
72
Q

Where is the corpus spongiosum?

A

Around the urethra

73
Q

What are the 2 types of penis?

A
  • Fibroelastic

- Musculocavernus

74
Q

What species have a fibroelastic penis?

A
  • Ruminants

- Pigs

75
Q

Give a basic overview of erection of the fibroelastic penis

A
  • Little increase in length and girth
  • Sigmoid flexure stretches when retractor penis muscle relaxes in erection
  • Straightens to extend penis
76
Q

What is a defining feature of the fibroelastic penis?

A

Fibroelastic tissue in corpus cavernosum

77
Q

What species have a musculocutaneous penis?

A
  • Horses

- Carnivores

78
Q

What are the defining features of a musculocutaneous penis?

A
  • More muscular

- Less connective tissue in corpus cavernosum

79
Q

What is different between erection of a fibroelastic vs a musculocutaneous penis?

A
  • Musculocutaneous has significatn increase in length and girth
  • Fibroelastic has little increase in girth and length
80
Q

What is unusual about the penis in the dog?

A

Has an os penis

81
Q

What is the glans penis?

A
  • End of the penis
  • Supported only by corpus spongiosum (and os penis in dog)
  • Opening of urethra
  • Share varies largey between species
82
Q

What is unusual about the penis of the cat?

A
  • Spines present
  • Are androgen dependent
  • Thought to stimulate female tract
83
Q

What is unusual about the glans penis of the boar?

A

Corkscrew

84
Q

What is unusual about the ram’s penis?

A

Urethral process

85
Q

What is unusual about the stallion glans penis?

A
  • Urethral process
  • Fossa glandis around UP
  • Urethral sinus dorsal to UP
86
Q

What stimulates secretion of LH and FSH?

A

GnRH

87
Q

What effect does LH have in the male?

A

Acts on Leydig cells to stimulate production of testosterone

88
Q

What effect does FSH have in the male?

A

Stimulates production of inhibin from the Sertoli cells

89
Q

What is the action of inhibin?

A

Negative feedback to pituitary to stop the production of FSH

90
Q

Define the term daily sperm production

A

The total number of spermatzoa produced per day by both testes

91
Q

Define the term daily sperm output

A

The total number of spermatozoa that can be collected over a 24 hour period

92
Q

What is the volume of semen produced by a bull?

A

5-8ml

93
Q

What is the volume of semen produced by a ram?

A

1.0 (0.5-2.0)ml

94
Q

What is the volume of semen produced by a stallion?

A

60ml

95
Q

What is the volume of semen produced by a boar?

A

200ml

96
Q

What is the volume of semen produced by a dog?

A

2ml (sperm fraction)

97
Q

What is the volume of semen produced by a tom?

A

0.01-0.75ml

98
Q

What factors influence the eididymal transit time?

A
  • Number of ejaculations

- Oxytocin, ACh, prostaglandins and angiotensin II (but unknown why and how)

99
Q

What factors influence the function of the epididymis?

A
  • Androgen dependent function (androgen suppression leads to impairment of function)
  • Maturation of sperm influenced by the production of proteins by the epididymis
100
Q

List conditions that may result in lower sperm output and reduced fertilisation ability

A
  • Stress
  • reduced testosterone production
  • Sperm abnormalities
  • Pizzle rot
  • Cryptorchidism
  • Failure of teh accessory glands
  • Testicular hypoplasia or neoplasia
  • Orchitis
  • Urethral stones/blockages
  • Temperature
  • Over ejaculation
101
Q

Describe the location of the boar testes

A
  • Peineal
  • Horizontal in scrotum
  • Closer to body than in bull
  • Head of epididymis often lower than tail
102
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A
  • Fleshy part of internal oblique on one side
  • Pelvic tendon of external oblique aponeurosis on the other
  • Entrance: along free caudal edge of internal oblique muscle
  • Exit: Between 2 divisionsof external oblique tendon
103
Q

What is contained in the inguinal canal?

A
  • In both sexes: external pudenal vessels and genitofemoral nerveq
  • In males: spermatic cord
  • In females: vaginal process (bitch and queen)
104
Q

Describe the blood supply to the equine penis

A
  • Pudendal artery (normal)
  • Obturatory artery (additional)
  • External pudendal (additional)
105
Q

When does testicular descent occur in the bull and ram?

A

Mid pregnancy

- Confirmed “delayed” at birth

106
Q

When does testicular descent occur in the boar?

A

Late pregnancy

- Confirmed “delayed” at birth

107
Q

When does testicular descent occur in stallions

A

Late pregnancy/few days after birth

- Confrimed “delayed” around 10 days old

108
Q

When does testicular descent occur in dogs?

A

8 days after birth

- Confrimed delayed at 8 weeks

109
Q

When does testicular descent occur in the tomcat?

A

2-5 days after birth

- Confirmed delayed at 1 week

110
Q

What species have sub-inguinal scrotal position?

A
  • Bull

- Ram

111
Q

What species has a perineal scrotal position?

A

Boar

112
Q

What species have an inguinal scrotal position?

A
  • Stallion

- Dog

113
Q

What species has a sub-anal scrotal position

A

Tomcat

114
Q

Which species have a scrotum that is:

a. pendulus
b. compact
c. loose

A

a. Bull, ram
b. Boar, stallion, tomcat
c. Dog

115
Q

Which species have vertical testes?

A

Bull and ram

116
Q

Which species have horizontal testes?

A

Boar and stallion

117
Q

Which species have testes that are horizontal with slight cranio-ventral tilting?

A

Dog and tomcat

118
Q

Describe the reproductive anatomy of the male rabbit

A
  • Testes cranial to penis

- Inguinal ring open, so testes can move in and out even when adults

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