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Y12 Human Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A rapid, automatic response to a change in the external or internal environment

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2
Q

What are 4 properties of reflexes?

A
  • Needs to be triggered by a stimulus
  • Is involuntary
  • Is rapid
  • Is stereotyped
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3
Q

What part of the body mostly coordinates reflexes?

A

The spinal cord

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4
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

A reflex that is carried out by the spinal cord alone without the nerve impulse being carried up to the brain

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5
Q

What is the pathway that a nerve impulse follows in traveling from a receptor to an effector called?

A

The reflex arc

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6
Q

Describe the basic components of a reflex arc

A

1) A receptor which reacts to a change, initiates a nerve impulse in the sensory neuron
2) A sensory neuron carries impulses from receptor to CNS
3) There is at least one synapse (Impulse is either passed straight to a motor neuron or to one or more internerons)
4) A motor neuron carries the nerve impulse to an effector
5) An effector receives the nerve impulse and carries out a response

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7
Q

Name some protective reflexes present from birth

A

Blinking; sneezing; coughing; pupil constriction in response to light

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8
Q

What are acquired reflexes? Name some

A

Complex motor patterns that are learned through repetition

Eg. Maintaining balance on a bike; catching a ball; slamming car brakes

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9
Q

What is a neuron?

A

The basic structural and functional units of the whole nervous system

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10
Q

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

The cell body, dendrites and axon

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11
Q

What are the three types of neurons, and which type makes up most of the body’s neurons?

A

Sensory neurons, Interneurons and Motor neurons. Interneurons make up most of the neurons in the body

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12
Q

What does the cell body of a neuron contain?

A

The nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles

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13
Q

What is the difference between between dendrites and the axon, in a neuron?

A

Dendrites are usually short extensions that carries nerve impulses INTO the cell body

Whereas the axon is usually a single long extension that carries nerve impulses AWAY FROM the cell body

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14
Q

What is the myelin sheath and how does it benefit a neuron?

A

The myelin sheath is a layer of fatty material that covers the axon of a neuron. It benefits a neuron by accelerating the speed of a nerve impulse along the axon

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15
Q

What is the difference between grey areas of the CNS and the white areas?

A

Grey areas are known as, grey matter, and consist of unmyelinated fibres and cell bodies

Whereas white areas are known as, white matter, and consist of myelinated fibres

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16
Q

Where is the neurilemma located and what is its role?

A

The neurilemma is located around the myelin sheath and helps in the repair of damaged nerve fibres

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17
Q

What cells make up the myelin sheath and the neurilemma?

A

Schwann cells

18
Q

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called?

A

The nodes of Ranvier

19
Q

How do sensory, motor and interneurons differ in function?

A

Sensory neurons carry messages from receptors to the CNS

Internerons act as the link between sensory and motor neurons

Motor neurons carry messages from the CNS to the effectors

20
Q

What are the three structural types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, Bipolar and Unipolar Neurons

21
Q

How do multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons differ from one another, structurally?

A

Multipolar neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites extending from the cell body

Bipolar neurons have one axon and only one dendrite

Unipolar neurons have just one extension, the axon (however some dendrites come off of the axon)

22
Q

Define what a nerve fibre is

A

Any long extension of cytoplasm of a nerve cell body, although the term usually refers to the axon

23
Q

What is a synapse and where do they mostly occur?

A

The junction between the branches of adjacent neurons, which messages are carried across

They mostly occur between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another

24
Q

What is a synapse where an axon meets a skeletal muscle cell called?

A

A Neuromuscular Junction

25
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Groups of nerve cell bodies outside the brain or spinal cord

26
Q

How does the Afferent Division of the peripheral nervous system differ from the Efferent Division

A

The afferent division carries information towards the central nervous system, whereas the efferent division carries information away from the central nervous system

27
Q

In the peripheral nervous system:

How many pairs of cranial nerves do you have, and how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

28
Q

What are the two subdivisons of the afferent division?

A

The Somatic and the Visceral subdivisions

29
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the efferent division?

A

The Autonomic and the Somatic subdivisions

30
Q

What are the further two subdivisions of the Autonomic division of the efferent division?

A

The Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic subdivisions

31
Q

Where does the somatic subdivision of the afferent division, receive information from?

A

From sensory neurons in the skin and muscles

32
Q

Where does the visceral subdivision of the afferent division, receive information from?

A

From sensory neurons in the internal organs

33
Q

Where does the somatic subdivision of the efferent division, send information to?

A

To voluntary skeletal muscles

34
Q

Where does the autonomic subdivision of the efferent division, send information to?

A

To involuntary glands and muscles

Eg. Heart

35
Q

How does the sympathetic subdivision differ from the parasympathetic subdivision?

A

The sympathetic subdivision prepares the body for activity and it uses the neurotransmitter: Noradrenaline

The parasympathetic subdivision prepares the body for rest and it uses the neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

36
Q

What are the 3 key protective structures of the CNS?

A

Bone, Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid

37
Q

What are the bone structures that protect the CNS? And how do they protect the CNS?

A

The cranium and the spinal cord

They protect the CNS from harm, by acting as a hard case and a barrier

38
Q

What is the outer layer of the meninges?

A

The Dura Matter, made of durable fibrous tissue

39
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

The Arachnoid Matter, web like, cerebrospinal fluid flows through it

40
Q

What is the inner most layer of the meninges?

A

The Pia Matter, like tissue paper, has capillaries through it to give the brain nutrients, also creates blood brain barrier to prevent against harmful substances

Y12 Human Biology (4 decks)

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