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Final Exams (2017) > Social Studies > Flashcards

Social Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Fertile Crescent

A 
A valley 
near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
In Mesopotamia (Now Iraq)
Surrounded by desert
Has access to water and rich soil
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2
Q

Silt

A

Damp, fertile soil

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3
Q

Bedouin

A

Animal Herders

SW Russia

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4
Q

Suez Canal

A

Manmade waterway
Crosses the Isthmus of Suez
In Egypt
Connects with the Mediterranean Sea

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5
Q

Wadis

A

a valley, ravine, or channel that is dry except in the rainy season.

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6
Q

Aquifers

A

a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.

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7
Q

Desalination

A

Removing salt or minerals from a substance, usually water

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8
Q

Natural Resources

A

substances, materials, and living things that occur naturally and can be used for making new things
Ex. Trees, water, fish

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9
Q

Imperialism

A

May NOT Establish Its Own Government!
A policy by which one nation controls another
Can be political, economic, or cultural
Europe uses in N Africa and SW Asia

Note: Is Smaller and Weaker than Colonialism.

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10
Q

Colonialism

A

Establishes Its Own Government!
One nation conquering another to govern its territory
Result of Europe’s and West’s increased need for natural resources
Happened lots in N Africa and SW Asia
They always want more colonies

Note: Is Stronger Than Imperialism

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11
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

Founded at the beginning of 14th Century CE
Founded by Osman
Included parts of Europe, N Africa, SW Asia, Arabia, and Russia
Lasted until end of WW1
When broken up, it created mandates
Mandate: type of outside rule in which foreign leaders promise independence

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12
Q

Nationalism

A

Having devotion and loyalty towards one’s country
1700s - Found first American and French Revolutions
1800 - Europe
1900 - Asia/Africa
Resisted Europe during Colonial Era due to Nationalism for N Africa and SW Asia
Believe in self-rule; reject outside influence
Want boundaries to be determined by ethnicity
Used movement to inspire desire for independence

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13
Q

Pan-Arab

A

Nationalist Movement
Began in the early 1400s
Based on this idea: Arabian Penninsula should unite because of similar history
Early 1900s Nationalists movement
describes anything related to the concept of unity among Arab countries
Resulted in independence for many countries in the area
Similar to Pan-Africanism

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14
Q

Pan-Africanism

A

Promoted independence of African people from Europe’s control
Resulted in independence
Began w/the end of colonialism
After independence, leaders had meetings
Promote independence of Africans from Europeans

Similar to Pan-Arab

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15
Q

Dictator

A

Official appointed/given power during a crisis

Saddam Hussein held power similar to that of a dictator

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16
Q

Hereditary Monarch

A

A person who comes into power in a monarchy through family relations

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17
Q

Secular

A 
political system
in Turkey
certain secular holidays (earth, independence)
separation of church and state
separation from God and politics
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18
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

The world’s leading sources of energy
Made from animal/plant remains, or fossils
Made with heat & pressure

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19
Q

Consumption

A

The use of resources to satisfy needs & wants

Oil & glass account for 60% of world consumption

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20
Q

Scarcity

A

when the needs and wants of a person or group exceed the resources available to meet these needs and wants.

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21
Q

What was the problem in Jerusalem?

A

There was conflict in Jerusalem because…

Cause:

  • There are many holy sites
  • European Armies attempted to capture the holy sites
  • The holy sites were also captured by Islamic armies
  • Jewish Zionism caused problems
  • The Holocaust began

Effect:

  • Tension Increased
  • The land broke into 2 parts
  • a war broke out in 1967
  • terrorism continued
  • Great Britain controlled the area, leading to WW2
  • Muslims wanted independence
  • 1948 Israel declared free war
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22
Q

What was the problem in Islam?

A

There was a split within Islam because…

Cause:

  • Muhammad died in 632 CE
  • It was unclear who was to be his predecessor
  • The Shia wanted Ali
  • The Sunni did NOT want Ali
  • The topic of whether the predecessor should be related was controversial

Effect:

  • The Muslim community split in 1/2
  • One half was for Ali, or Shia Islam
  • The other half was against Ali, or Sunni
  • Their beliefs, prayers, and holidays were similar in some ways and different in others
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23
Q

What was the problem in Iraq?

A

There was persecution within Iraq because…

Cause:

  • Sunni is the minority; despite this…
    • Sunni persecutes Shia
    • Sunni is in high power
    • Saddam Hussein was Sunni
      • Saddam Hussein thought Shia was too religious

Effect:

  • Shia Islam is persecuted
    • Villages are destroyed
    • Jobs are destroyed
    • No government positions
  • Iraq War
  • Shia is given more freedom
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24
Q

Zionism

A

the Jewish belief that they deserve a homeland. The Jews believe that Jerusalem is their designated homeland.

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25
Q

What are three facts about Christianity?

A
  • Founded By Jesus in 30 CE
  • GOD
  • Bible (Book)
  • Mary, Mother of God
  • God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit
  • Peter (1st Pope)
  • Jesus
  • John the Baptist
  • 12 Apostles
  • Monotheistic
  • 1/3 of the world is Christian
  • Jesus died for our sins
  • after death we go to Heaven or Hell
  • read the Gospels (the record of Jesus’ life and teaching in the first four books of the New Testament or the teaching or revelation of Christ.)
  • Jesus’s Death
  • Jesus’s Resurrection
  • Christmas (Jesus’s Birth)
  • Prayer
  • Early Denominations
  • Go to church or mass
  • Easter (Jesus’s Resurrection)
  • Missionary Work
  • Communion
  • Reconciliation
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26
Q

What are three facts about Judaism?

A
  • Founded by Abraham in 2000 BC
  • GOD
  • Torah (Book)
  • Abraham
  • Israel (Place)
  • Issac
  • 10 Commandments
  • Moses
  • Monotheistic
  • God is our Father in Heaven
  • Moses got the 10 Commandments
  • Abraham first established Israel, after he discovered God
  • 2000 BC ~ Abraham first believed
  • 1300 BC ~ Moses got the 10 Commandments
  • May 14, 1948 ~ Independence Day
  • 70 CE ~ Diaspora (Spreading of Jesus)
  • Read the Torah
  • Daily Prayer
  • Follow the 10 Commandments
  • Go to the temple on high holy days
  • Observe the Sabbath
  • Study Jewish Texts
  • Give to Charity
  • Pursue Justice
  • Kosher
  • Passover
  • Yom Kippur
  • Hanukkah
  • Rosh Hashana
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27
Q

What are three facts about Islam?

A
  • Founded in the 600s CE by Muhammad
  • ALLAH (God)
  • Muhammad
  • Angels
  • Ishmael
  • Abraham
  • Moses
  • Qu’ran (Book)
  • Is the 2nd largest religion
  • 5 pillars of Islam
  • Follow the Qu’ran
  • Follow Instructions of God
  • “submission”
  • Muhammad and his 622 followers were forced out of Mecca
  • They went to Medina
  • They returned to Mecca w/an army
  • Monotheism
  • Muhammad is Allah’s messenger
  • Daily Prayer facing Mecca
  • Giving to charity
  • Fasting during Holy Month
  1. Pray Facing Mecca
  2. Fasting During Ramadan
  3. Pilgrimage to Mecca
  4. Charity
  5. Monotheism
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28
Q

Why was North Africa and Southwest Asia so vital for trade?

A
  • Southwest Asia is a vital crossroad for other countries

- Southwest Asia and North Africa are big suppliers of petroleum

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29
Q

What are the benefits of oil?

A
  • Very important relied on resource
  • Oil producing countries are rich and powerful
  • Petroleum can be used to heat homes
  • Petroleum can be used to generate electricity
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30
Q

What are the downsides of oil?

A
  • Environmental risks
  • Oil spills
  • Air pollutants (from burning oil)
  • Damages human health
  • Damages animal health
  • Damages plant health
  • Boats must travel far around the world to ship oil
  • Climate change
  • Countries in Southwest Asia and North Africa lack many natural resources
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31
Q

Which countries have the most petroleum?

A
  1. Saudi Arabia

Others: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait

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32
Q

How does OPEC help the countries involved?

A
  • decides the cost of oil and other details
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33
Q

What are the three major rivers of India?

A

Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganges

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34
Q

What modern day countries does Ancient India include?

A

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh

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35
Q

What weather do winter monsoons bring?

A
  • dry air

- moderate temps.

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36
Q

What weather do summer monsoons bring?

A
  • rain from the ocean

- flooding

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37
Q

How were Harappan cities laid out?

A

a grid pattern

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38
Q

What was a key part in each Harappan city?

A

a citadel, or fortress, overlooking other cities

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39
Q

Each Harappan house had at least one what?

A

bathroom with drains and chutes connecting to a sewer beneath the streets

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40
Q

Most Harappan people did what for a living?

A

worked the land

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41
Q

What crops were mostly grown in Harappan society?

A

wheat, barley, rice, and cotton.

42
Q

What were houses made of in Harappan cities?

A

brick

43
Q

What were the roof styles and materials in Harappan cities?

A

flat, wooden

44
Q

When were crops planted in Harappa?

A

the beginning or end of the flood season; farmers relied on the drenched land to provide the necessary water for crops.

45
Q

What did Harappan food surplusses allow?

A

for people to do other things, such as commerce and arts.

46
Q

Harappans worshiped Gods associated with what?

A

natural forces

47
Q

What evidence of language has been found?

A
  • inscribed pictograms
    • on packaged seals
  • *have not been deciphered**
48
Q

Why don’t we know much about Harappans and their cities?

A
  • pictograms have not been deciphered

- lack of written records

49
Q

Why might the Harappans have disappeared around 1500 BC?

A
  • climate change
  • disease (evidence of leprosy and tuberculosis have been discovered)
  • socio-economic upheaval
50
Q

Who was Chandragupta Maurya?

A
  • Ruler of the Mauryan Empire
  • Died as a Jain Ascetic (Religious suicide by starvation) achieving Moksha
  • Gave the throne to his son at age 42
51
Q

How did Chandragupta Maurya take over much of India?

A
  • began conquering Macedonian satrapies (provinces or areas ruled by Macedonian governors).
  • united Northern India under his control.
  • Throughout his reign, he continued to expand the empire through {conquests} and {alliances}.
  • Made an alliance with Seleucus, a Macedonian Satrap, and to seal the alliance, Chandragupta Maurya married Seleucus’s daughter and gifted Seleucus with 500 war elephants.
52
Q

How powerful was Chandragupta Maurya?

A
  • 600,000 infantry
  • 30,000 cavalry
  • 9,000 war elephants
  • An extensive spy network
53
Q

What were some of the accomplishments of Chandragupta Maurya’s Empire?

A
  • Established a bureaucracy
  • Established standard weights and measures
  • Established standards for physicians
54
Q

How is Chandragupta Maurya related to Ashoka?

A

Chandragupta Maurya is Ashoka’s grandpa

55
Q

What are the rock edicts?

A

laws written in local languages so people could read them by Ashoka

56
Q

Why did Ashoka become a Buddhist?

A

He viewed the horrors of war and was exposed to harsh reality

57
Q

Who were the 2 rulers of the Gupta Empire?

A 
Chandragupta I (1) and Chandragupta II (2)
*Both have no relation to the original Chandragupta Maurya*
58
Q

How did Chandragupta I gain control?

A

India split into warring kingdoms when Ashoka was murdered and Chandragupta I clamored for power, the using whatever means necessary to stay in control.

59
Q

What religion was prevalent during Chandragupta I’s rule?

A

Hinduism

60
Q

What did Chandragupta II contribute to India?

A
  • eased tax burdens
  • Iron Pillar of Delhi
  • erected after Chandragupta II’s victory against Vihilakas
  • stood for more than 1,600 years without rusting or decomposing
61
Q

What was the most common trade route?

A

India-Egypt-Rome (Indigo Eggs Rot)

  1. Monsoon winds took ships from India to Egypt
  2. Goods were carried overland by camels and then again by boat on the Nile River to Alexandria
  3. From Alexandria, the goods reached the Roman Empire
62
Q

People are ____ into a caste.

A

born

63
Q

They could not ____ ____ _ _________ caste.

A

move into a different

64
Q

Laws dictated what each caste _____ and _____ ___ __.

A

could; could not do

65
Q

What is the top level of the Indian caste system?

A

Brahmins - priests, scholars

66
Q

What is the third up/second to top level of the Indian caste system?

A

Kshatriya - warriors, rulers

67
Q

What is the second level/second to bottom of the Indian caste system?

A

Vaishya - merchants, landowners

68
Q

What is the bottom/last normal level of the Indian caste system?

A

Sudra (most common) - commoners, peasants, laborers, servants

69
Q

What is the lowest/lower level of the Indian caste system?

A

Dalit/Untouchable - performed unclean jobs such as street sweepers, waste handlers, dead body handlers

70
Q

Women had to obey their ______, _______, or ___.

A

father, husband, son

71
Q

Women could not own ________ or study ______ _______.

A

property; sacred writing

72
Q

What is polygyny?

A

The women’s husband were allowed to have more than one wife

73
Q

What is suttee/sati?

A

Wives committing suicide by jumping on their dead husband’s burning body

74
Q

Who was educated?

A

only boys in upper castes

75
Q

What did they study?

A

great epics, astronomy, math, warfare, governments

76
Q

What was Panchatantra?

A

a collection of fables

77
Q

What were achievements in math?

A
  • abstract #s
  • negative #s
  • algebra
78
Q

What were achievements in astronomy?

A
  • identified 7 planets
  • understood the rotation of the Earth
  • predicted sun and moon eclipses
79
Q

What were achievements in medicine?

A
  • set bones
  • evidence of plastic surgery
  • had free hospitals
  • knew about the need for cleanliness ad disinfection
  • had a smallpox vaccine
80
Q

What was Hinduism?

A
  • a combination of different beliefs and practices

- polytheistic

81
Q

What were the Vedas?

A

sacred works of Hindu literature

82
Q

What were the Upanishads?

A

(800-300 BC) Contains hindu beliefs

83
Q

What is reincarnation?

A

rebirth of the soul continues until a person reaches spiritual perfection
cycle of rebirth determined by karma

84
Q

What is Karma?

A

how a person lives determines what form the person will take in the next life.
(good actions means a soul will be reborn to a higher caste in the next life, while bad actions means a soul will be reborn in a lower caste in the next life)

85
Q

What is Dharma?

A

correct actions for one’s class - helps achieve karma

86
Q

What is Ahimsa?

A

non-violence, requires believer to protect humans, animals, insects, even plants.

87
Q

What is Moksha?

A

release from the pain and suffering of rebirth and becoming one with the universal spirit.
only Brahmins can achieve Moksha

88
Q

What is Buddhism?

A

religion in India

89
Q

Who is the founder of Buddhism?

A
  • Siddhartha Gautama*
  • In 563 BC, Siddhartha Gautama was born in luxury and raised as a prince.
  • He was shielded from sickness and death.
  • One Day, as Gautama’s charioteer was driving him around, he encountered sickness, old age, and death for the first time.
  • He decided to find out why people suffered and how it could end.
  • At the age of 29, he left his wife and newborn son and began his search.
  • He wandered throughout India for about 7 years and while meditating he gained the answer and began sharing it.
90
Q

What are the 4 noble truths?

A
  1. All people suffer and know sorrow
  2. Desires cause suffering (In other words, people suffer because they try to get things they can’t have).
  3. End suffering by eliminating desire.
  4. Eliminate desire by following the 8 fold path
91
Q

What is the 8 fold path?

A
  1. Know Truth
  2. Resist Evil
  3. Say Nothing to Hurt Others
  4. Respect Life
  5. Work for the Good of Others
  6. Free Your Mind from Evil
  7. Control Your Thoughts
  8. Practice Meditation
92
Q

Hinduism is …

A
  • polytheistic
  • Vedas and Upanishads
  • Dharma
  • Only Brahmins can achieve Moksha
  • Class is used and limits certain practices
  • OLDER (Gupta Empire)
93
Q

Buddhism is…

A
  • a way of life
  • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
  • Buddha is respected, not worshiped
  • 4 noble truths
  • 8 fold path
  • any class can achieve nirvana
  • NEWER (Mauryan Empire)
94
Q

What was the British East India Trading Company?

A
  • Began to promote its interests in India in the 1700s
  • was founded in 1600 to make a profit by selling Indian products such as cotton, silk, sugar around the world.
  • came involved the political and military affairs of India.
  • Robert Clive was an employee of the British East India Company.
    - He raised an army and used it to help the British East India Company take control over India.
    - Ensured that a government was in place that was favorable to the company.
    - Ensured that the French were removed from India.
  • used a technique called “commercial colonization”.
    -It controlled India’s foreign trade and used its
    armies to control local governments.
  • The soldiers of the British East India Company were called “sepoys”.
    • Indian soldiers who served in the army of Europeans.
    • The British East India Company would use these sepoys to gain direct political control over some parts of India.
  • Although officially regulated by the British parliament, the British East India Company generally had free reign over India until the mid-1800s.
95
Q

What was the Sepoy Mutiny?

A
  • The soldiers of the British East India Company were called “sepoys”.
  • In 1857, an uprising know as the Sepoy Mutiny ended the rule of the British East India Company and the British parliament began to play a larger role in control over India.
  • Sepoy Mutiny began in 1857, as the sepoy soldier became angered with the British East India Company.
  • Sepoy soldiers were either Hindu or Muslim
  • Beef was considered untouchable by Hindus
  • Pork was considered untouchable by Muslims
  • Rumors that the bullet cartridges of the sepoy soldiers
    were greased with the fat from beef and pork.
  • As well, the sepoys resented that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity and make them adopt European customs.
  • The Sepoy Mutiny spread across India.
  • It was supported by both princes and peasants, as many Indians saw it as an opportunity to free themselves from British control.
96
Q

What was Mahatma Ghandi’s role in independence?

A
  • The best known nationalist leader was Mohandas Gandhi.
  • He was born in North West India, on the 2nd of October 1869, into a Hindu family.
  • Gandhi spent the next 21 years living in South Africa, and railed against the injustice of racial segregation.
  • Witnessing the racial bias experienced by his countrymen served as a catalyst for his later activism, and he attempted to fight segregation at all levels.
  • On his return to India in 1916, Gandhi developed his
    practice of non-violent civic disobedience.
  • He rallied widespread support for India’s independence movement from British rule.
  • He eventually helped India claim its independence.
97
Q

What are the negative effects of British Imperialism?

A
  • famine
  • difficulty buying, trading, selling, and keeping a business open
  • poverty
  • halt of customs
98
Q

What are the positive effects of British Imperialism?

A
  • easier trave
  • advanced water systems
  • longer lifespan
  • halt of customs
99
Q

Both Buddhism and Hinduism are…

A
  • focused on peace and non-suffering (Ahisma)
  • Began in India
  • Respect All Life
  • Believe in Reincarnation
  • Moksha
  • Karma
100
Q

10 Second Meditation Break!!!

A

Good Job… Enjoy Your Newly Aquired Inner Balance!

Final Exams (2017) (2 decks)

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