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Year 1 Body Logistics > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Week 3-8

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2
Q

What are the 3 germ layers and in what process do they appear?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Formed in gastrulation

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3
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

Third week of development- the start of the embryonic period

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4
Q

Why is week 2 the week of twos?

A

Trophoblast splits into two layers- cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophblast
Embryoblast gives rise to to cell layers-Bilaminar disc- epiblast and hypoblast
Hypoblast gives rise to two cavities - amniotic and primary yolk

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5
Q

List the germ layers and their derivatives

A

Endoderm- hypoblast
Mesoderm- epiblast
Ectoderm- epiblast

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6
Q

Outline the mesoderm organisation

A

The mesoderm sits between the ecto and end term apart from in one small area at each end of the body.

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7
Q

Which two future areas lack mesoderm?

A

Anus and mouth

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8
Q

What does ectodermal tissue give rise to?

A

Organs and structures that contact the outside world

  • epidermis
  • nervous tissue
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9
Q

Muscle, cartilage, bone and the CVS system are all formed from which germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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10
Q

On day 16 what feature appears?

A

Primative streak and primative node appear on the dorsal surface of the epiblast at causdal end

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11
Q

How is a third layer formed from the bilaminar disc?

A

Epiblast cells migrate to the primitive streak and invaginate epiblast to displace the hypoblast- the new middle layer is the mesoderm. The epiblast is the ectoderm and the hypoblast is now called endoderm

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12
Q

How does gastrulation give left to right asymmetry?

A

The primitive node gives signalling molecules off that are moved more to the left by ciliated cells. This means that to the left of the notochord left sided signals are send and to the right side signals for right sidedness are sent.

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13
Q

List some anatomical left/right assymetry.

A

Liver on right
Stomach and spleen on left
Right lung 3 lobes left 2

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14
Q

Where does the primitive streak form?

A

caudal epiblast

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15
Q

What does gastrulation achieve?

A

3 germ layers

precursor tissue in correct place for subsequent morphogenesis.

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16
Q

What determines the fate of invaginating epiblast cells in gastrulation?

A

Position of invagination on the streak

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17
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Solid rod of cells running in the midline that has a signalling role.

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18
Q

What happens to the ectoderm that overlies the notochord?

A

Differentiates to neuro-ectoderm

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19
Q

Describe neural tube formation.

A

Ectoderm over notochord thickend and forms a slipper shaped neural plate.
The edges lift and curl toward each other, joining to make the neural tube.

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20
Q

Describe neuralation.

A

Ectoderm over notochord thickend and forms a slipper shaped neural plate.
The edges lift and curl toward each other, joining to make the neural tube.

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21
Q

Splancnic mesoderm sits adjacent to which other germ layer?

A

Endoderm

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22
Q

Where is the paraxial mesoderm found and what does it form?

A

Found adjacent to the notochord.

It segments into somites in a cranio-caudal sequence.

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23
Q

How many somites are lost?

A

42-44 present at end of week 5
Final count is 31
11-13 lost

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24
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A

Musculo-skeletal system

Dermis

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25
Q

How do somites become sclerotomes and dermomyotomes?

A

Ventral wall of somite degenerates. Some free cells become sclerotome and the dorsal surface from a bilayer of dermatome and myotome.

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26
Q

What happens to the dermmyotomes?

A

They migrate with proliferation of the mesoderm

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27
Q

What does sclerotome form?

A

Bones

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28
Q

Dermatome gives rise to what tissue?

A

Dermis

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29
Q

Muscles are derived from what part of a dermamyotome?

A

Myotome

30
Q

What repeating structures form because of mesodermal somite formation?

A

Vertebrae
Ribs
Intercostal muscles
Spinal cord segments

31
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs do we have?

A

31- from 31 somites

32
Q

What is the term given to the future mouth in embryology?

A

Buccopharyngeal memebrane

33
Q

In early embryogenesis where does the cariogenic field sit relative to the buccopharyngeal membrane?

A

Above it- more cranially

34
Q

Name the two types of folding seen in the embryo.

A

Cephalocaudal folding

Lateral folding

35
Q

What does folding achieve?

A

Creates a ventral body
Pulls amniotic membrane around the disk
Connecting stalk pulled ventrally

36
Q

What is there at the end of week 4?

A

Start of nervous system
Segmentation of the body so specific sites have specific cells for specific functions
Embryo has folded so all precursor tissues are in the correct place

37
Q

Why is embryogenesis important in medicine?

A

Understanding of congenital diseases and teratogens
Understanding embryogenesis helps treat diseases
Embryonic stem cell work

38
Q

In the cervix what is the Os?

A

The openings of which there is an internal and an external

39
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

the ampulla

40
Q

Which is bigger a spermatazoa or an ovum?

A

ovum

41
Q

Within how many days before ovulation must sperm be introduced to fertilise an egg?

A

Within 5 days

42
Q

How long is the secondary oocyte viable for?

A

12-24 hours

43
Q

What is capacitation of sperm and why is it important?

A

Tail of the sperm moves faster which alters its plasma membrane and allows fertilisation

44
Q

What layers surround the secondary oocyte from the outside in?

A

Corona radiata
Zonapeulicida
Perivitelline space
Membrane

45
Q

What happens when the female and male pronucleus join?

A

Mitotic disivion. No single cell uni nuclear stage

46
Q

What helps the female not to reject the embryo initially?

A

Sperm and seminal fluid help reshape immunity

47
Q

What is embryonic age?

A

Time since fertilisation

48
Q

How is gestational age different to embryonic age?

A

Embryonic age +2 weeks

Time since last menstruation not fertilisation

49
Q

What is the germinal stage?

A

up to end of 2nd week

50
Q

What is the germinal stage?

A

up to end of 2nd week embryonic age

51
Q

What is the foetal period?

A

week 9-38 of the embryonic age

52
Q

On Day 3 after fertilisation what does the embryo resemble and whats it called?

A

Mulberry

Morula

53
Q

Describe the structure of an epiblast.

A

Outer cell mass encases

  • Inner cell mass
  • Blastocyst cavity
54
Q

What day is implantation?

A

day 6

55
Q

What implants into the womb wall?

A

Synciotrophoblast

56
Q

Describe the structure of an epiblast and what stage this forms?

A

Outer cell mass encases
-Inner cell mass
-Blastocyst cavity
day 4

57
Q

Which cells line the outer edge of the primitive yolk sac and connect to the trophoblast?

A

Amnioblast cells

58
Q

What sit between the primary yolk sac and the trophoblast?

A

Exocoelomic membrane?

59
Q

What is the outer cell mass called in the blastocyst?

A

trophoblast

60
Q

Which cells line the outer edge of the primitive yolk sac and connect to the trophoblast?

A

The epiblast encases the amniotic cavity

61
Q

What sit between the primary yolk sac and the trophoblast?

A

The hypoblast lines the primary yolk sac

62
Q

What is the function of the zone pellucida?

A

prevents blastocyst/ morula implanting in oviduct

63
Q

What is the function of the zone pellucida?

A

prevents blastocyst/ morula implanting in oviduct and would stop the morula getting bigger.

64
Q

How long is histiotrophic nutrition vital for and where does it come from?

A

Trophoblast provides nutrition upto 12th week in humans

65
Q

How long is histiotrophic nutrition vital for and where does it come from?

A

Trophoblast provides nutrition up to 12th week in humans

66
Q

What term describes maternal blood providing foetal nutrition?

A

haemotrophic nutrition

67
Q

Where in the womb should implantation happen?

A

Upper part of the uterine wall

More commonly posteriorly.

68
Q

What is the term used for a pregnancy that implants on the wrong gynaecological structure?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

69
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

Impantation over the cervix- risk of massive haemorrhage at delivery

70
Q

What lines the chorionic cavity?

A

Extra embryonic somatic mesoderm

Year 1 Body Logistics (11 decks)

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