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Psychology > Development And Mental Health > Flashcards

Development And Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical development?

A

Physical development is the changes in the body eg. Brain development and puberty

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2
Q

What is social development?

A

Development of people’s relationships and skills of communicating with others.

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3
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Changes in people’s metal ability, learning, memory, perception

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4
Q

What is emotional development?

A

Changes in how a person experiences and expresses emotions.

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5
Q

What is hereditary?

A

The set of characteristics you inherit from your parents. Nature. We inherit genetic information from both biological parents. The genes determine our unique characteristics. You get half your chromosomes from each parent through the sperm and ova

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6
Q

What is environment or nurture?

A

The set of factors that have acted on you throughout your life.

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7
Q

What is stronger between nature and nurture?

A

Sometimes it is difficult to determine where the influences of heredity end and
environmental influences begin. However, everyone’s characteristics- physical, psychological and emotional- are influenced by heredity (nature) and environment (nurture).

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8
Q

How do identical twins develop?

A

They develop when a fertilised egg splits.

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9
Q

How does when the split occurs change the twins? Is the chance of having twins genetic?

A

It will determine if the twins share the placenta or if they develop their own. The later the split occurs the more likely it is for the twins to share a placenta. The chance of having identical twins is generally not genetic.

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10
Q

What are fraternal twins?

A

They are the result of two different ova being fertilised by two different sperm.

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11
Q

How do placentas develop for fraternal twins?

A

Two separate placentas are formed.

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12
Q

How common are fraternal twins?

A

More common that identical twins. They account for about 2/3 of twin pregnancies.

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13
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

A period of time during development when an individual is more responsive to certain types of environmental experiences or learning.

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14
Q

When do humans learn their language?

A

During the sensitive period for about the first 12 years of life.

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15
Q

What happens if language is learnt after the sensitive period?

A

It will take longer, be more difficult and not as effective.

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16
Q

What is the critical period?

A

A very narrow period in an animals development in which the animal in preprogrammed for learning to occur.

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17
Q

What is an example of a study of the critical period? What happened?

A

Lorenz studied how young birds imprint on the first moving object they see after they hatch. The greylag geese imprinted on him. For these birds the critical period was the first few moments of life.

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18
Q

Define imprint

A

To form an immediate attachment

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19
Q

Why are emotions important?

A

They assist us to develop and maintain relationships.

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20
Q

What is the study of emotions involved in?

A

It explores when people learn emotions and how people deal with emotions.

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21
Q

Are emotions learnt?

A

They appear to be unlearnt (we are born with them) but they take time to develop.

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22
Q

What is one of the last emotions to develop?

A

Jealousy

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23
Q

What is attachment?

A

An emotional connection or bond between a child and a principal care giver.

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24
Q

What did Mary Ainsworth suggest (1913-1999)?

A

That infants can learn different types of attachment depending in how responsive their caregiver is to their needs.

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25
Q

What are the three different ways that Mary Ainsworth suggested that infants show attachment?

A

When separated from their caregiver (anxiety), when reunited with their caregiver (reunion behaviour), when stranger is present (stranger anxiety)

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26
Q

What test did Ainsworth use to test the three ways infants show attachment?

A

With a controlled observation test, called the strange situations test. The experiment was in a room surrounded by one way glass so the infants actions could be observed.

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27
Q

How old were the infants?

A

12-18 months

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28
Q

What was the procedure of the strange situations test?

A

Caregiver and child played together, child plays alone as parents sits in a chair, a stranger comes in and talks to parent, parent leaves the room and stranger gives comfort to infant if needed, parent returns and greets infant while stranger leaves, the parent leaves and only the baby is in the room, the stranger enters and offers comfort, the parent enters the room and offers comfort.

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29
Q

What were the two proposed attachment types? What was the sub type?

A

Secure attachment, insecure avoidant attachment and insecure resistent attachment

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30
Q

What are the reactions of a secure attachment child?

A

Shows a balance between dependence on caregiver and exploration.Very attached to the caregiver. Moderate protest when caregiver left the room, anxiously looked for her during absence and respond with pleasure when return. The child will go to the mother for comfort when scared, concerned, hungry, or sick, for example. They develop the ability to use their parent to help them settle down.

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31
Q

How many infants have secure attachment?

A

65-70%

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32
Q

What are the reactions of a child with insecure avoidant attachment?

A

Does not seek closeness or contact with their caregiver.
Infant is distant and protective of itself. Rarely cries when caregiver leaves the room and ignores them upon their return. The child has gotten the message that he will not be reassured when hurt/upset, so he doesn’t ask for it.

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33
Q

How many infants have insecure avoidant attachment?

A

15-20%

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34
Q

What are the reactions of an infant with insecure resistant attachment?

A

Great distress when caregiver leaves and is not calmed
easy upon return. Infant is uncertain and anxious. Continuously checks caregivers’ whereabouts and clings to them, appears anxious even if caregiver is near. Often behave in fussy and inconsolable ways when upset. They appear to want contact with their parents, yet resist that contact.

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35
Q

How many infants have insecure resistant attachment?

A

12-15%

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36
Q

Explain the focus on attachment to mother criticism for the Ainsworth study.

A

The child may have a different type of attachment to the
father or grandmother, for example. This means that is lacks validity, as it is not measuring a general attachment style, but instead an attachment style specific to the mother.

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37
Q

What is another criticism of the Ainsworth study?

A

The infant is put under much stress (separation and stranger anxiety)

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38
Q

Explain the sample was biased criticism for the Ainsworth study.

A

(100 middle class American families). Therefore, it is difficult to generalise the findings outside of America and to working class families.

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39
Q

Explain the it has low ecological validity criticism of the Ainsworth study.

A

the child is in a strange and artificial environment and the mother is following a script – this isn’t ‘real life’

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40
Q

What did Harry Harlow’s study involve?

A

looked at attachment in Rhesus Monkeys. Harlow was interested in the factors that
contribute to attachment (emotional bonds). He believed infants did not form attachment due to the caregiver supplying food, but that they required ‘contact comfort’. He aimed to find out what factor most influenced the attachment to a caregiver: food or comfort

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41
Q

What were the participants of the Harry Harlow study?

A

Infant rhesus monkeys that had been separated from their mothers at birth.

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42
Q

What was the method of harry harlow’s experiment?

A

The monkeys were put in a cage with two surrogate monkeys. One was wire and was covered in cloth (comfort) and the other was wire and had food. He measured the amount of time the monkeys spent with each monkey.

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43
Q

What were the results of Harry Harlow’s experiment?

A

Monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother and only went to the wire one when they needed food.

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44
Q

What is the conclusion of Harry Harlow’s experiment?

A

Contact comfort was more important than providing food to an infant when forming attachment with the caregiver.

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45
Q

What does cognitive development look at?

A

How the human mind comes to know things about the world and how it used this knowledge. Involves changes in an individuals mental abilities such as personality, perception, learning, memory, language, moral reasoning, problem solving and decision making.

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46
Q

What did Jean Piaget notice about children’s thinking? (1896-1980)

A

That the quality of their thinking changed as they grew older and that children made similar errors at similar ages.

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47
Q

What did Piaget suggest about the thinking of children?

A

not only do different aged children think about different things and know different things but they think in different ways.

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48
Q

What did Piaget believe about thinking development of children? What were these stages?

A

That the thinking develops through stages that are based on biological maturity and interactions with the environment.

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49
Q

What is adaption?

A

Continuous process of using the environment to learn and learning to adjust to changes in the environment

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50
Q

What are the two categories of adaption?

A

Assimilation and accomodation

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51
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process of taking new information and fitting it into our existing mental ideas about objects and the world.

52
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Changing an existing metal idea in order to fit in new information. More advanced processes than assimilation because the existing mental idea must be modified to incorporate new information.

53
Q

What is the first stage of Piaget’s theory? When does it occur?

A

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

54
Q

Describe object performance. What Piaget stage does it fit into? When does it occur?

A

Sensorimotor stage. Understanding that objects still exist even though they cannot be seen or touched. Before object performance children think objects have just disappeared. This occurs at 7-9 months.

55
Q

Describe goal directed behaviour. What Piaget stage does it fit into? When does it happen?

A

Sensorimotor stage. Developed towards the end of the stage. Refers to behaviour which is carried out with a particular purpose in mind. Babies try new actions and think of new ways of solving problems.

56
Q

What is the second Piaget stage? When does it happen? What is it?

A

Pro-operational stage. 2-7 years. More sophisticated thinking than sensorimotor stage. Development has increased ability to use symbols to represent objects, places or events.

57
Q

What is egocentrism? What Piaget stage does it happen in?

A

Difficulty seeing things from another persons perspective. Pre-operational stage

58
Q

What is animism? What Piaget stage does it happen in?

A

Belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness, awareness, feeling etc. pro-operational stage

59
Q

What is transformation? What Piaget stage does it happen in?

A

Developed later in the pre-operational stage. Until then children struggle to understand that something can change from one state/form/structure to another. Pre-operational stage

60
Q

What is centration? What Piaget stage does it happen in?

A

The tendency to focus on only one quality or feature of an object at a time, while neglecting other important aspects. Pre-operational stage

61
Q

What is reversibility? What Piaget stage does it happen in? When does it occur?

A

Accomplished late in this stage. The ability to follow a line of reasoning back to its original starting point. Pro-operational stage

62
Q

What is the third Piaget stage? When does it happen? What is it?

A

Concrete operational stage. 7-12 . Thinking revolves around what they know and what they can experience through their senses.

63
Q

What is conservation? What Piaget stage does it fit into?

A

The idea that an object owes not change its weight, mass, volume or area even though it changes shape of appearance. Concrete operational stage.

64
Q

What is logical thinking? What Piaget stage does it fit into?

A

Able to develop strategies to solve problems, identify a range of possible solutions, develop hypotheses and test solutions. Formal operational stage.

65
Q

What is classification? What Piaget stage does it fit into?

A

The ability to organise information into categories based on common features that sets them apart from other categories. Concrete operational stage

66
Q

What is Piaget’s fourth stage? When does it happen? What is it?

A

Formal operational stage. 12+. More complex thought processes. Thinking increasingly sophisticated.

67
Q

What is abstract thinking?

A

Thinking about things without relying on being able to see or visualise concepts. Intangible non-physical concepts such as honesty. They develop ideas about beliefs, values and morals.

68
Q

What is mental health?

A

A state of emotion and social wellbeing in which individuals realise their own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and can contribute to their community and have optimal development through the lifespan. (World Heath organisation)

69
Q

What features may lead to mental health problems?

A

Stressed, problems, emotional and social difficulties.

70
Q

How is mental health represented on a continuum?

A

From normal healthy behaviour to severely maladjusted behaviour occurring during a mental disorder.

71
Q

What may lead to a mental disorder?

A

Marriage or relationship breakdown, loss of job or money, examinations, moving house, diagnosis of a serious health condition, death in the family.

72
Q

What is a mental disorder?

A

A combination of thoughts, feeling and behaviour which impair the ability of an individual to function effectively in life. It is clinically diagnosable.

73
Q

What is the socio-cultural approach to determining normality and abnormality?

A

A person’s culture or society decides what is appropriate or normal behaviour, thoughts or feelings. Thoughts, feelings and behaviour that don’t fit into society’s view are deemed abnormal because they are inappropriate or unacceptable

74
Q

What is the functional approach of determining normal and abnormal?

A

Thoughts, feelings and behaviours are deemed as normal if an individual is able to cope with living independently, but abnormal if they can’t. Eg washing, cooking ect

75
Q

What is the historical approach of determining normal and abnormal?

A

This approach refers to a period of time in which judgement or normality is made. Eg. Plump women were seen as beautiful not thin ones are.

76
Q

What is the medical approach to determining normal and abnormal?

A

Someone is normal if they are not suffering from a mental disorder. Abnormal behaviour is caused by an illness that has an underlying physical cause. Psychologist and psychiatrists following this approach assume all mental illness can be diagnosed.

77
Q

What is the statistical approach of determining normal and abnormal?

A

People are deemed as normal if their scores on some characteristic fall in the middle. The majority’s thoughts, feelings etc are deemed normal. People in the minority are not normal. This approach suggests that situational context or social situation is important.

78
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

A holistic model that looks at how biological, psychological and social factors combine and interact to influence a person’s mental health.

79
Q

What the biological part of the piophsychosocial model?

A

Physiologically based influences eg. Genetics, brain chemistry, hormones and physiological reactions to stress.

80
Q

What is the psychological part of the biopsychosocial model?

A

Mental processes eg. Beliefs, ways of thinking, prior learning, perceptions, emotions, coping skills, psychological responses to stress.

81
Q

What is the social part of the biopsychosocial model?

A

Interpersonal relationships, support available, exposure to stressors such as poverty, level of education, cultural influences

82
Q

How do psychologists and psychiatrists classify mental disorders? What tool is used?

A

By clarifying them in categories based on patterns in thoughts, feelings, behaviour. The most used categorical tool is the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders.

83
Q

What does DSM provide information about? What doesn’t it provide information about?

A

The onset, course and persistence or symptoms but not the causes or the direct treatment.

84
Q

What are addiction disorders?

A

A condition in which someone feels a reoccurring urge to use a substance or to engage in a activity despite potentially harmful consequences.

85
Q

What is physical dependence?

A

Individuals experience painful withdrawal reactions

86
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

Individuals mental desire to experience the effects produced by the substance or activity.

87
Q

What are characteristics of addiction disorders?

A

Activation of brain’s reward system strengthens addiction, persistent feelings and repeated thoughts associated with the activity, decreased sensitivity to substance to amount is increased to get desired effect, withdrawal involves unpleasant reactions such as sadness, irritability, sweating, headaches and sleep disturbances.

88
Q

What are treatments of addiction?

A

Medication targets the dopamine reward system, cognitive behavioural therapy - become more aware of their thinking, social support.

89
Q

Describe characteristics of anxiety disorders.

A

Persistent feelings of tension, distress, nervousness and apprehension about the future with a negative affect. An uneasiness that something bad will happen.

90
Q

What are types of anxiety disorders?

A

Generalised anxiety disorders, panic attacks, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism.

91
Q

What are the biological factors of anxiety disorders?

A

Overactive autonomic nervous system response system when there is a perceived threat. Lower amounts of neurotransmitter GABA (regulates anxiety)

92
Q

What are phycological factors of anxiety?

A

Fear or anxiety based on negative thinking, engaging in catastrophic thinking (making things worse than they are), constantly looking out for danger.

93
Q

What are social factors of anxiety disorders?

A

Observational learning: by watching and imitating what others do. Learning a feat from a parent. Transmission of threat information: delivery of information from parents, friends and the media about the potential threat or an actual danger of an object or situation.

94
Q

What are treatments for anxiety disorders?

A

Anti-anxiety medications, cognitive behavioural therapy assists in changing negative thoughts in to more realistic ones. Social support

95
Q

What is a mood disorder?

A

A disabling disturbance in an emotional state from the extreme sadness of depression to the extreme elation of mania.

96
Q

What are types of mood disorders?

A

Major depressive disorder, dysthymia, mania, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, bipolar

97
Q

What are biological factors of mood disorders?

A

Genetic link to depression, lowered amounts of neurotransmitter seratonin and nonadrenaline or increased amounts.

98
Q

What are psychological factors of mood disorders?

A

Exposure to stressful life experiences eg. Relationship breakup, loss of jobs, or personal trauma, tendency to have negative thoughts

99
Q

What are social factors of mood disorders?

A

Environmental stressors such as poverty, social relationships, social isolation

100
Q

What are treatments for mood disorders?

A

Anti depressants, psychotherapy, social support

101
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

Mental disorders involved in inflexible or maladaptive personality characteristics that interfere with functioning or cause significant personal distress. Individuals may think, feel or behave in ways that differ from what is acceptable in their culture.

102
Q

What are types of personality disorders?

A

Antisocial personal disorders, narcissistic personality disorders, borderline personality disorders, histrionic personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, paranoid personality disorder.

103
Q

What are biological factors of personality disorders?

A

Genetic influence, lower levels or autonomic nervous system reactivity which leads to under arousal and lowered anxiety, need more stimulation to be aroused.

104
Q

What are psychological factors of personality disorders?

A

Individuals show fearlessness and often do not experience the guilt or feelings that stop most others from committing offences, lying or harming others.

105
Q

What are social factors of personality disorders?

A

Social learning can occur where children learn to copy the attitudes of a parent who has antisocial tendencies. Family environment

106
Q

What are treatments of personality disorders?

A

Combination of medication and therapy, psychodynamic therapy, support networks

107
Q

What are psychotic disorders?

A

Also called psychosis is a category of mental disorders where people lose contact with reality.

108
Q

What are Types of psychotic disorders?

A

Schizophrenia, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, substance induced psychotic distorter

109
Q

How common is schizophrenia? When do people develop it?

A

About 1% has it at some point in their lives. Males are more likely to have it than females, men - 18-25 years, females - 25-35 years old

110
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Experiences or behaviour that occur in addition to a person’s usual functioning such as experiencing delusions and hallucinations.

111
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Refer to the removal of usual normal reactions such as loss of motivation.

112
Q

What are disorganised symptoms?

A

Include disorganised speech and behaviour

113
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions. They are persistent, false beliefs that are illogical. Schizophrenics have strong beliefs in them. More that 50% have delusions.

114
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Avolition, alogia, anhedonia.

115
Q

What is avolition?

A

Lacking in energy, disinterested in people, hygiene, work, school…

116
Q

What is agolia?

A

The person experiences a reduction in speech or content of speech so they say very little and can be vague and repetitive

117
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

A person does not gain pleasure from normal enjoyable activities.

118
Q

What are disorganised symptoms?

A

Disorganised speech - fail to make meaningful speech

Disorganised behaviour- inability to organise behaviour to preform daily routines.

119
Q

What are other symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Catatonia: impaired motor movements such as repeated gestures, unusual hand actions or wild waving of arms and legs. People may also experience catatonic immobility- staying in one position for long periods of time (unusual)

120
Q

When can schizophrenia be diagnosed?

A

When a person has disturbance in thoughts, emotions or behaviour for at least 6 months, has at least two symptoms (negative etc) for at least a month, displays some disorientation ins social interactions or deterioration in school or work.

121
Q

What are contributing biological factors of schizophrenia?

A

Genetic predisposition, drug-induced onset, changes in brain activity (increase in dopamine), exposure to flu or vivo, lack of exposure to UV light in vivo

122
Q

What is the schizophrenia two hit hypothesis?

A

It proposes two events. Genetic vulnerability and environmental stress cause the development of schizophrenia. Both events must happen for the disorder to occur.

123
Q

How can biological factors of schizophrenia be treated?

A

Antipsychotic drugs: when taken on a continuous basis, reduce hallucinations, delusions, disorganised thinking and speech. They have better effect on positive symptoms than negative. They do not cure.

124
Q

What are psychological contributing factors of schizophrenia?

A

Impaired probabilistic reasoning which leads to jumping to conclusions, this leads to confirmation and strengthening of delusions. Impaired memory, particularly short term memory and episodic memory which leads to info being processed slower than normal

125
Q

How can psychological factors of schizophrenia be treated?

A

CBT, to change distorted thoughts and beliefs. They are taught to change negative thoughts into positive ones.

126
Q

What are social factors of schizophrenia?

A

Social disadvantage, expressed emotion in families, trauma
Research shows that children that were sexually or physically abused were 4 time more likely to experience hallucinations and 15 times more likely to hear voices than those not abused.

127
Q

How can social factors of schizophrenia be treated?

A

Social support groups.

Psychology (9 decks)

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