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health assesment > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

Confluent and extensive patch of petechiae and ecchymoses; >3 mm, flat, red to purple, macular hemorrhage.

Seen in generalized disorders such as thrombocytopenia and scurvy. Also occurs in old age as blood leaks from capillaries in response to minor trauma and diffuses through dermis

A

Purpura

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2
Q

is caused by prolonged inadequate intake of protein and calories such as severe starvation and severe catabolic states.

Nutritional assessment findings include muscle, fat, and visceral protein wasting. Individuals have usually undergone acute catabolic stress such as major surgery, trauma, or burns in combination with prolonged starvation or have AIDS wasting. Without nutritional support, this type of malnutrition is associated with the highest risk for morbidity and mortality.

A

Marasmus/kwashiorkor mix

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3
Q

*Foamy plaques of the cornea that are a sign of vitamin A deficiency. Severe depletion may result in conjunctival xerosis (drying) and progress to corneal ulceration and finally destruction of the eye (keratomalacia).

A

Bitot’s Spots

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4
Q

BMI formula

A

weight in lbs
————————– X703
height in inches ^2

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5
Q

6 subjective data questions for assesment on eyes

A
  1. Vision difficulty (decreased acuity, blurring, blind spots)
  2. Pain
  3. Strabismus, diplopia
  4. Redness, swelling
  5. Watering, discharge
  6. History of ocular problems
  7. Glaucoma
  8. Use of glasses or contact lenses
  9. Patient-centered care
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6
Q

Dependent position causes Venous pooling, which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

Redness, warmth, distended veins

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7
Q

: A vibrating tuning fork in contact with the top of the head should be heard equally well in both ears.

A

Weber Test

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8
Q

are small (1 to 5 mm), smooth, slightly raised bright red dots that commonly appear on the trunk in all adults older than 30 years (Fig. 12-7). They normally increase in size and number with aging and are not significant.

A

Cherry (senile) angiomas

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9
Q

it is a flat, irregularly shaped red or pink patch found on the forehead, eyelid, or upper lip but most commonly at the back of the neck (nuchal area). It is present at birth and usually fades during the first year.

A

stork bite (salmon patch);

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10
Q

Immobilization, prolonged inactivity causes Slowed circulation, which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

Pallor, coolness, pale nail beds, prolonged capillary filling time

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11
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Solely a color change, flat and circumscribed, of less than 1 cm. Examples: freckles, flat nevi, hypopigmentation, petechiae, measles, scarlet fever.

A

Macule

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12
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

A purplish patch resulting from extravasation of blood into the skin, >3 mm in diameter.

A

Ecchymosis

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13
Q

assesses body fat distribution as an indicator of health risk.

Obese people with a greater proportion of fat in the upper body, especially in the abdomen, have android obesity; obese people with most of their fat in the hips and thighs have gynoid obesit

A

The waist-to-hip ratio

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14
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

After a skin lesion is repaired, normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue (collagen). This is a permanent fibrotic change. Examples: healed area of surgery or injury, acne.

A

Scar

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15
Q

is rare in the infant because the fontanels and open sutures absorb any increased intracranial pressure if it occurs.

A

Papilledema

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16
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

lesions run together (e.g., urticaria [hives]).

A

CONFLUENT,

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17
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

Fine, scaling, round patches of pink, tan, or white (thus the name) that do not tan in sunlight, caused by a superficial fungal infection. Usual distribution is on neck, trunk, and upper arms—a short-sleeved turtleneck sweater area. Most common in otherwise healthy young adults. Responds to oral antifungal medication

A

Tinea Versicolor

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18
Q

Common Skin Lesions in Children that

Small, tight vesicles first appear on trunk and spread to face, arms, and legs (not palms or soles). Shiny vesicles on an erythematous base are commonly described as the “dewdrop on a rose petal.” Vesicles erupt in succeeding crops over several days; they become pustules and then crusts. Intensely pruritic

A

Chickenpox (Varicella)

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19
Q

Malignant Skin Lesion that

Potentially lethal lesions that are the malignant transformation of melanocytes.36 May arise from preexisting nevus or de novo. Usually brown; can be tan, black, pink-red, purple, or mixed pigmentation

A

Malignant Melanoma

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20
Q

When the red-pink tones from the oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood are lost, the skin takes on the color of connective tissue (collagen), which is mostly white

common in acute high-stress states such as anxiety or fear because of the powerful peripheral vasoconstriction from sympathetic nervous system stimulation

A

Pallor. 

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21
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

or circular, begins in center and spreads to periphery (e.g., tinea corporis or ringworm, tinea versicolor, pityriasis rosea)

A

ANNULAR,

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22
Q

is a common rash that appears in the first 3 to 4 days of life.

Sometimes called the flea bite rash or newborn rash, it consists of tiny punctate red macules and papules on the cheeks, trunk, chest, back, and buttocks
.
The cause is unknown; no treatment is needed.

A

erythema toxicum

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23
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

Erythematous and symmetric rash, usually generalized. Some drugs produce urticarial rash or vesicles and bullae. History of drug ingestion.

A

Allergic Drug Reaction

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24
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

Caused by a benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis.

A

Hemangiomas

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25
Q

a weight gain of 25 to 35 lbs during pregnancy for women of ______weight

28 to 40 lbs for _____ weight women,

15 to 25 lbs for _____weight women,

11 to 20 lbs for _____ weight women, a new weight gain category.

A

normal

under

over

obese

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26
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

Scooped out but shallow depression. Superficial; epidermis lost; moist but no bleeding; heals without scar because erosion does not extend into dermis.

A

Erosion

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27
Q

Anorexia, bowel obstruction, cancer cachexia, and chronic illness are among the clinical conditions leading to

A

Marasmus

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28
Q

A sign of riboflavin deficiency. In contrast, a pale tongue is probably attributable to iron deficiency; a beefy red–colored tongue is caused by vitamin B–complex deficiency.

A

Magenta Tongue

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29
Q

skin feels smoother and softer, like velvet.

A

Hyperthyroidism—

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30
Q

Malignant Skin Lesion that

arise from actinic keratoses or de novo. Erythematous scaly patch with sharp margins, 1 cm or more. Develops central ulcer and surrounding erythema. Usually on hands or head, areas exposed to UV radiation; at right, on habitually sun-exposed bald scalp. Less common than basal cell carcinoma but grows rapidly

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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31
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Larger than a few centimeters in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis; may be benign or malignant, although “tumor” implies “cancer” to most people. Examples: lipoma, hemangioma.

A

Tumor

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32
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

, a scratch, streak, line, or stripe.

A

LINEAR

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33
Q

Pupils constrict in response from far to near focus

A

Accommodation:

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34
Q

Anthropometric Measures for which type of malnutrition

Weight ≤80% standard for height
TSF <90% standard
Mid–upper arm muscle circumference (MAMC) ≤90% standard

A

Marasmus

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35
Q

occurs when nutritional reserves are depleted and/or when nutrient intake is inadequate to meet day-to-day needs or added metabolic demands.

Vulnerable groups (i.e., infants, children, pregnant women, recent immigrants, people with low incomes, hospitalized people, and aging adults) are at risk for impaired growth and development, lowered resistance to infection and disease, delayed wound healing, longer hospital stays, and higher health care costs.

A

Undernutrition

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36
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Solid, elevated, hard or soft, larger than 1 cm. May extend deeper into dermis than papule. Examples: xanthoma, fibroma, intradermal nevi.

A

Nodule

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37
Q

are common variations of hyperpigmentation. Commonly called liver spots, these are small, flat, brown macules

A

Senile lentigines

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38
Q

is a transient mottling in the trunk and extremities in response to cooler room temperatures

It forms a reticulated red or blue pattern over the skin.

A

Cutis marmorata

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39
Q

is a bluish color around the lips, hands and fingernails, and feet and toenails. This may last for a few hours and disappear with warming.

A

Acrocyanosis

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40
Q

4 Abnormal findings in the ear

A

Erythema or discoloration
Otorrhea (ear discharge)
Blood
Foreign body

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41
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

Scaly, erythematous patch, with silvery scales on top. Usually on scalp, outside of elbows and knees, low back, and anogenital area.

A

Psoriasis

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42
Q

Tympanic Membrane Assessment Using the Otoscope

Infant & child under 3:
Pull pinna_________

A

down

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43
Q

, the decrease in power of accommodation with aging, is suggested when the person moves the card farther away.

A

Presbyopia (near vision)

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44
Q

are jagged linear “stretch marks” of silver-to-pink color that appear during the second trimester on the abdomen, breasts, and sometimes thigh

A

Striae

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45
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Larger than 1 cm diameter; usually single chambered (unilocular); superficial in epidermis; thin walled and ruptures easily. Examples: friction blister, pemphigus, burns, contact dermatitis.

A

Bulla

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46
Q

transparent fibers of the lens begin to thicken and yellow; this is the beginning of a ________

A

cataract.

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47
Q

Sign of vitamin D and calcium deficiencies in children (disorders of cartilage cell growth, enlargement of epiphyseal growth plates) and adults (osteomalacia).

A

Rickets

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48
Q

nutrition for this age group ______

rapid physical growth and endocrine and hormonal changes

caloric and protein requirements increase to meet this demand, and because of bone growth and increasing muscle mass

calcium and iron requirements also increase.

A

Adolescence

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49
Q

is a benign, milky, bluish-white opaque appearance of the buccal mucosa that occurs commonly in African Americans.

A

Leukoedema

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50
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Wheals coalesce to form extensive reaction, intensely pruritic.

A

Urticaria (hives)

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51
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

, twisted, coiled spiral, snakelike

A

GYRATE

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52
Q

Red glow fills the pupil caused by reflection of light off the healthy inner retina

A

red reflex

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53
Q

(protein malnutrition) is caused by diets high in calories but little or no protein (e.g., low-protein liquid diets, fad diets, and long-term use of dextrose-containing intravenous fluids).

A

Kwashiorkor

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54
Q

Pupillary Response (PERRLA)

A 
Pupils
Equal size 
Round shape 
React to Light 
Accommodation
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55
Q

Common Skin Lesions in Children that

Red, moist, maculopapular patch with poorly defined borders in diaper area, extending along inguinal and gluteal folds. History of infrequent diaper changes or occlusive coverings. Inflammatory disease caused by skin irritation from ammonia, heat, moisture, occlusive diaper

A

Diaper Dermatitis

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56
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

Prolonged, intense scratching eventually thickens skin and produces tightly packed sets of papules; looks like surface of moss (or lichen).

A

Lichenification

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57
Q

Assess the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shining a light toward the person’s eyes.

Direct the person to stare straight ahead as you hold the light about 30 cm (12 inches) away. Note the reflection of the light on the corneas; it should be in exactly the same spot on each eye

A

Corneal Light Reflex (Hirschberg Test)

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58
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

distinct, individual lesions that remain separate (e.g., acrochordon or skin tags, acne).

A

DISCRETE,

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59
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

Linear crack with abrupt edges; extends into dermis; dry or moist. Examples: cheilosis—at corners of mouth caused by excess moisture; athlete’s foot.

A

Fissure

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60
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has a prodrome of skin tingling and sensitivity. Lesion then erupts with tight vesicles followed by pustules and produces acute gingivostomatitis with many shallow, painful ulcers. Common location is upper lip; also in oral mucosa and tongue.

A

Labial Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores)

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61
Q

has an increased metabolic rate, causing warm, moist skin.

A

Hyperthermia

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62
Q

occurs when the baby is in a side-lying position. The lower half of the body turns red, and the upper half blanches with a distinct demarcation line down the midline. The cause is unknown, and it is transient.

A

. The harlequin color change

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63
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Macules that are larger than 1 cm. Examples: mongolian spot, vitiligo, café au lait spot, chloasma, measles rash.

A

Patch

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64
Q

Anthropometric Measures for which type of malnutrition

Weight ≥100% standard for height
TSF ≥100% standard

A

Kwashiorkor

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65
Q

consists of raised yellow papules with a central depression. They are more common in men, occurring over the forehead, nose, or cheeks.

A

Sebaceous hyperplasia

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66
Q

is an irregular brown patch of hyperpigmentation on the face. It may occur with pregnancy or in women taking oral contraceptive pills.

A

Chloasma

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67
Q

cone of light Normal Left Ear (____ O’clock)

A

7

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68
Q

Determines ability to hear whispered sounds from two feet away.

A

Whisper Test:

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69
Q

caused by caloric excess refers to weight more than 20% above ideal body weight or body mass index (BMI) of 30.0-39.9

A

Obesity

70
Q
  1. Obtain a health history relevant to nutritional status.
  2. Elicit dietary history if indicated.
  3. Inspect skin, hair, eyes, oral cavity, nails, and musculoskeletal and neurologic systems for clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of nutritional deficiencies.
  4. Measure height, weight, BMI, WC, and other anthropometric parameters as indicated.
  5. Review relevant laboratory tests.
  6. Offer health promotion teaching.
A

nuritional assesment

71
Q

; tiny white papules on the cheeks and forehead and across the nose and chin caused by sebum that occludes the opening of the follicles. Tell parents not to squeeze the lesions; milia resolve spontaneously within a few weeks.

A

Milia

72
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

A raised bright red area with well-defined borders about 2 to 3 cm in diameter. It does not blanch with pressure

. It consists of immature capillaries, is present at birth or develops in the first few months, and usually disappears by age 5 to 7 years.

Requires no treatment, although parental and peer pressure may prompt treatment.

A

Strawberry Mark (Immature Hemangioma)

73
Q

This is a bluish mottled color from decreased perfusion the tissues have high levels of deoxygenated blood

This is best seen in the lips, nose, cheeks, ears, and oral mucous membranes and in artificial fluorescent light

A

Cyanosis

74
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

Caused by blood flowing out of breaks in the vessels. Red blood cells and blood pigments are deposited in the tissues (extravascular). Difficult to see in dark-skinned people.

A

Purpuric Lesions

75
Q

where waist circumference is measured in inches just above the__________ of the hips, and hip circumference is measured in inches at the largest circumference of the______

A

iliac crests

buttocks

76
Q

Common Skin Lesions in Children that

Moist, thin-roofed vesicles with thin, erythematous base. Rupture to form thick, honey-colored crusts. Highly contagious bacterial infection of skin; most common in infants and children. Infection can spread to other body areas and other children and adults by direct contact.

A

Impetigo

77
Q

when a lesion changes over time or changes because of scratching or infection, it is________

A

secondary.

78
Q

____________ chart is the most commonly used and accurate measure of visual acuity. It has lines of letters arranged in decreasing size.

stand 20 feet away

A

The Snellen alphabet

79
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

, annular lesions grow together (e.g., lichen planus, psoriasis).

A

POLYCYCLIC

80
Q

is caused by the consumption of nutrients, especially calories, sodium, and fat, in excess of body needs.

can lead to obesity and is a risk factor for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, gallbladder disease, sleep apnea, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis

A

Overnutrition

81
Q

the complete absence of melanin pigment in patchy areas of white or light skin on the face, neck, hands, feet, and body folds and around orifices

A

vitiligo

82
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

The thickened, dried-out exudate left when vesicles/pustules burst or dry up. Color can be red-brown, honey, or yellow, depending on fluid ingredients (blood, serum, pus). Examples: impetigo (dry, honey-colored), weeping eczematous dermatitis, scab after abrasion.

A

Crust

83
Q

External:

Objective Data Nose & Sinuses

A

Test (CN I) with scents

Patency of nostrils

Percuss and palpate the frontal & maxillary sinuses

84
Q

12 subjective date questions to ask for skin, hair, nails

A
  1. Past history of skin disease (allergies, hives, psoriasis, eczema)
  2. Change in pigmentation
  3. Change in mole (size or color)
  4. Excessive dryness or moisture
  5. Pruritus
  6. Excessive bruising
  7. Rash or lesion
  8. Medications
  9. Hair loss
  10. Change in nails
  11. Environmental or occupational hazards
  12. Patient-centered care
85
Q

If any lesions are present, note what 6 things

A
  1. Color.
  2. Elevation: flat, raised, or pedunculated.
  3. Pattern or shape: the grouping or distinctness of each lesion (e.g., annular, grouped, confluent, linear). The pattern may be characteristic of a certain disease.
  4. Size, in centimeters: Use a ruler to measure. Avoid household descriptions such as “quarter size” or “pea size.”
  5. Location and distribution on body: Is it generalized or localized to area of a specific irritant; around jewelry, watchband, eyes?
  6. Any exudate. Note its color and any odor.
86
Q

are soft, raised yellow plaques occurring on the lids at the inner canthus

They commonly occur around the 50s and more frequently in women. They occur with both high and normal blood levels of cholesterol and have no pathologic significance.

A

Xanthelasma

87
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Something you can feel (i.e., solid, elevated, circumscribed, less than 1 cm diameter) caused by superficial thickening in epidermis. Examples: elevated nevus (mole), lichen planus, molluscum, wart (verruca

A

papule

88
Q

Common Skin Lesions in Children that

Red-purple maculopapular blotchy rash in dark skin (on left) and light skin (on right) appears on third or fourth day of illness.

Rash appears first behind ears and spreads over face and then over neck, trunk, arms, and legs; looks “coppery” and does not blanch. Also characterized by Koplik spots in mouth—bluish white, red-based elevations of 1 to 3 mm

A

Measles (Rubeola)

89
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

Small, grouped vesicles emerge along route of cutaneous sensory nerve, then pustules, then crusts.

Caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV), a reactivation of the dormant virus of chickenpox. Acute appearance, unilateral, does not cross midline.

Commonly on trunk; can be anywhere. If on ophthalmic branch of cranial nerve V, it poses risk to eye. Most common in adults older than 50 years. Pain is often severe and long lasting in aging adults, called postherpetic neuralgia.

A

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

90
Q

occurs from neuromuscular weakness (e.g., myasthenia gravis with bilateral fatigue as the day progresses), oculomotor cranial nerve III damage, or sympathetic nerve damage (e.g., Horner syndrome) or is congenital as in this example. It is a positional defect that gives the person a sleepy appearance and impairs vision.

A

Ptosis

91
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin.

A

Cyst

92
Q

is a common variation in about half of all newborns. A yellowing of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes develops after the 3rd or 4th day of life because of the increased numbers of red blood cells that hemolyze after birth

A

Physiologic jaundice

93
Q

*Dry, bumpy skin associated with vitamin A and/or linoleic acid (essential fatty acid) deficiency. Linoleic acid deficiency may also result in eczematous skin, especially in infants.

A

Follicular Hyperkeratosis

94
Q

Look for pallor in dark-skinned people by the absence of the underlying _____ tones that normally give brown or black skin its luster

A

red

95
Q

normally have pupils of two different sizes, which is termed

A

anisocoria.

96
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

“Athlete’s foot,” a fungal infection, first appears as small vesicles between toes, on sides of feet, and on soles; grows scaly and hard. Found in chronically warm, moist feet: children after gymnasium activities, athletes, aging adults who cannot dry their feet well.

A

Tinea Pedis (Ringworm of the Foot)

97
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

Local inflammatory reaction to an irritant in the environment or an allergy. Characteristic location of lesions often gives clue. Often erythema shows first, followed by swelling, wheals (or urticaria), or maculopapular vesicles, scales. Frequently accompanied by intense pruritus. Example here: poison ivy.

A

Primary Contact Dermatitis

98
Q

Common Skin Lesions in Children that

Scalding red, moist patches with sharply demarcated borders, some loose scales. Usually in genital area extending along inguinal and gluteal folds. Aggravated by urine, feces, heat, and moisture; the Candida fungus infects the superficial skin layers.

A

Intertrigo (Candidiasis)

99
Q

Chilly or air-conditioned room causes Vasoconstriction, which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

False pallor, coolness

100
Q

Internal:

Objective Data Nose & Sinuses

A

Inspect using speculum

Mucosa pink & moist. Septum midline

101
Q

Hot room causes Vasodilation , which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

False erythema

102
Q

is a bruise you can feel. It elevates the skin and is seen as swelling

A

hematoma

103
Q

8 subjective data quesions for ears

A
  1. Earache
  2. Infections
  3. Discharge
  4. Hearing loss
  5. Environmental noise
  6. Tinnitus
  7. Vertigo
  8. Patient-centered care
104
Q

Deficiency of vitamin C. Gums are swollen, ulcerated, and bleeding because of vitamin C–induced defects in oral epithelial basement membrane and periodontal collagen fiber synthesis.

A

Scorbutic Gums

105
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

Deeper depression extending into dermis, irregular shape; may bleed; leaves scar when heals. Examples: stasis ulcer, pressure sore, chancre.

A

Ulcer

106
Q

Lids are swollen and puffy. Lid tissues are loosely connected, so excess fluid is easily apparent.

This occurs with local infections; crying; and systemic conditions such as congestive heart failure, renal failure, allergy, hypothyroidism (myxedema).

A

Periorbital Edema

107
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

clusters of lesions (e.g., vesicles of contact dermatitis).

A

GROUPED,

108
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

A large, flat, macular patch covering the scalp or face, frequently along the distribution of cranial nerve V.

The color is dark red, bluish, or purplish and intensifies with crying, exertion, or exposure to heat or cold.

The marking consists of mature capillaries. It is present at birth and usually does not fade. The use of yellow light lasers now makes photoablation of the lesion possible, with minimal adverse effects

A

Port-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)

109
Q

Prolonged elevation causes Decreased arterial perfusion, which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

Pallor, coolness

110
Q

Embarrassment causes Flushing in face and neck , which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

False erythema

111
Q

The waist-to-hip ratio formula

A

waist circumference
____________________
hip cirumference

112
Q

nutrition for this age group ______

decrease in energy requirements caused by loss of lean body mass (the most metabolically active tissue) and an increase in fat mass.

A

older adults

113
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

A blue-purple dilation of venules and capillaries in a star-shaped, linear, or flaring pattern. Pressure causes them to empty or disappear. Located on the legs near varicose veins and also on the face, lips, ears, and chest.

A

Venous Lake

114
Q

Leading the eyes through the six cardinal positions of gaze elicits any muscle weakness during movement

A

Diagnostic Positions Test

115
Q

also produces a yellow-orange color in light-skinned persons but no yellowing in the sclera or mucous membranes

A

Carotenemia

116
Q

Using a tuning fork, compare bone conduction to air conduction.

A

Rinne Test:

117
Q

(protein-calorie malnutrition) is caused by inadequate intake of protein and calories or prolonged starvation.

A

Marasmus

118
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

A fiery red, star-shaped marking with a solid circular center. Capillary radiations extend from the central arterial body. With pressure, note a central pulsating body and blanching of extended legs. Develops on face, neck, or chest; may be associated with pregnancy, chronic liver disease, or estrogen therapy or may be normal.

A

Spider or Star Angioma

119
Q

*Pigmented keratotic scaling lesions resulting from a deficiency of niacin. These lesions are especially prominent in areas exposed to the sun such as hands, forearms, neck, and legs.

A

Pellagra

120
Q

Malignant Skin Lesion that

Usually starts as a skin-colored papule (may be deeply pigmented) with a pearly translucent top and overlying telangiectasia (broken blood vessel). Then develops rounded, pearly borders with central red ulcer or looks like large open pore with central yellowing. Most common form of skin cancer; slow but inexorable growth. Basal cell cancers occur on sun-exposed areas of face, ears, scalp, shoulde

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

121
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Papules coalesce to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm. A plateaulike, disk-shaped lesion. Examples: psoriasis, lichen planus.

A

Plaque

122
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity. Circumscribed and elevated. Examples: impetigo, acne.

A

Pustule

123
Q

children younger than ___ years should not drink skim or low-fat milk or be placed on low-fat diets; fat (calories and essential fatty acids) is required for proper growth and central nervous system development.

A

2

124
Q

Fear, anger causes Peripheral vasoconstriction , which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

False pallor

125
Q

—skin feels rough, dry, and flaky.

A

Hypothyroidism

126
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Superficial, raised, transient, and erythematous; slightly irregular shape from edema (fluid held diffusely in the tissues). Examples: mosquito bite, allergic reaction, dermographism.

A

Wheal

127
Q

 A yellowish skin color indicates rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood.

. It is first noted in the junction of the hard and soft palate in the mouth and in the sclera

A

Jaundice.

128
Q

Erythema, scaling, and shallow and painful fissures at the corners of the mouth occur with excess salivation and Candida infection. It is often seen in edentulous persons and those with poorly fitting dentures, causing folding in of corners of mouth, which creates a warm, moist environment favoring growth of yeast.

A

Angular Cheilitis (Stomatitis, Perlèche)

129
Q

are raised, thickened areas of pigmentation that look crusted, scaly, and warty

A

Keratoses

130
Q

Cigarette smoking causes Vasoconstriction, which laeads to the misleading outcome of ______

A

False pallor

131
Q

a common variation of hyperpigmentation in Black, Asian, American Indian, and Hispanic newborns

It is a blue-black–to-purple macular area at the sacrum or buttocks but sometimes on the abdomen, thighs, shoulders, or arms. It is caused by deep dermal melanocytes

A

The mongolian spot

132
Q

is a deviation in the axis of the eye.

A

Strabismus

133
Q

Anthropometric Measures for which type of malnutrition

Weight ≤70% standard
TSF ≤80% standard
MAMC ≤60% standard

A

Marasmus/kwashiorkor mix

134
Q

traumatic or pathologic changes in previously normal structures

A

Lesions

135
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

or iris, resembles iris of eye, concentric rings of color in lesions (e.g., erythema multiforme)

A

TARGET

136
Q

nutrition for this age group ______

sufficient calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals must be consumed

In particular, iron, folate, and zinc are essential for fetal growth, and vitamin and mineral supplements are often required

A

Pregnancy and Lactation

137
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

Caused by vascular dilation; permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible on the skin surface.

A

Telangiectasia

138
Q

Danger signs: abnormal characteristics of pigmented lesions are summarized in the mnemonic ABCDE:

A 
Asymmetry
border
color 
diameter
Elevation or Evolution
139
Q

Common Skin Lesions in Children that

Erythematous papules and vesicles, with weeping, oozing, and crusts. Lesions usually on scalp, forehead, cheeks, forearms and wrists, elbows, backs of knees. Paroxysmal and severe pruritus. Family history of allergies.

A

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

140
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

Self-inflicted abrasion; superficial; sometimes crusted; scratches from intense itching. Examples: insect bites, scabies, dermatitis, varicella.

A

Excoriation

141
Q

6 subjective data questions for assesment on

Head, Face, Neck, and Regional Lymphatics

A
  1. Headache
  2. Head injury
  3. Dizziness
  4. Neck pain, limitation of motion
  5. Lumps or swelling
  6. History of head or neck surgery
142
Q
  1. Eating patterns
  2. Usual weight
  3. Changes in appetite, taste, smell, chewing, swallowing
  4. Recent surgery, trauma, burns, infection
  5. Chronic illnesses
  6. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
  7. Food allergies or intolerances
  8. Medications and/or nutritional supplements
  9. Patient-centered care
  10. Alcohol or illegal drug use
  11. Exercise and activity patterns
  12. Family history
A

subjective data for nutrion

143
Q

is achieved when sufficient nutrients are consumed to support day-to-day body needs and any increased metabolic demands caused by growth, pregnancy, or illnes

A

Optimal nutritional status

144
Q

Common Skin Lesions in Children that

Pink, papular rash (similar to measles but paler) first appears on face, then spreads. Distinguished from measles by presence of neck lymphadenopathy and absence of Koplik spots.

A

German Measles (Rubella)

145
Q

9 subjective data questions for the Mouth and Throat

A
  1. Sores or lesions
  2. Sore throat
  3. Bleeding gums
  4. Toothache
  5. Hoarseness
  6. Dysphagia
  7. Altered taste
  8. Smoking, alcohol consumption
  9. Patient-centered care
146
Q

—a fine, oscillating movement best seen around the iris

A

nystagmus

147
Q

Absence of red reflex or “white glow” in infants/children could indicate __________

A

retinoblastoma

148
Q

Tympanic Membrane Assessment Using the Otoscope

Adult & older child:
Pull pinna ____________

A

up and back

149
Q

Configurations of Lesion that

linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route (e.g., herpes zoster)

A

ZOSTERIFORM,

150
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

Scales—hyperpigmented in whites, depigmented in dark-skinned people; on chest, abdomen, back of arms forming multiple circular lesions with clear centers.

A

Tinea Corporis (Ringworm of the Body)

151
Q

is a forward displacement of the eyeballs and widened palpebral fissures. Note “lid lag,” in which the upper lid rests well above the limbus and white sclera is visible. Acquired bilateral exophthalmos is associated with thyrotoxicosis.

A

Exophthalmos

152
Q

Vascular Lesion that is

A reddish-blue, irregularly shaped, solid and spongy mass of blood vessels. It may be present at birth, may enlarge during the first 10 to 15 months, and does not involute spontaneou

A

Cavernous Hemangioma (Mature)

153
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

Compact, desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, silvery or white, from shedding of dead excess keratin cells. Examples: after scarlet fever or drug reaction (laminated sheets), psoriasis (silver, micalike), seborrheic dermatitis (yellow, greasy), eczema, ichthyosis (large, adherent, laminated), dry skin.

A

Scale

154
Q

nutrition for this age group ______

poor dentition, decreased visual acuity, decreased saliva production, slowed GI motility, decreased GI absorption, and diminished olfactory and taste sensitivity.

A

older Aduls

155
Q

Common Skin Lesion that

not fatal but may have serious arthritic, cardiac, or neurologic sequelae. It is caused by a spirochete bacterium carried by the black or dark brown deer tick.

A

Erythema Migrans of Lyme Disease

156
Q

have decreased visceral protein levels but adequate anthropometric measures. Therefore they may appear well nourished or even obese.

A

Kwashiorkor

157
Q

2 Normal findings in the ear

A

Cerumen

Hair

158
Q

Intense redness of the skin is from excess blood (hyperemia) in the dilated superficial capillaries.

This sign is expected with fever, local inflammation, or emotional reactions such as blushing in vascular flush areas (cheeks, neck, and upper chest).

A

Erythema. 

159
Q

5 biomarkers signifies MetS

A 
BP
waist circumference 
glucose 
high density lipoprotein 
triglyceride
160
Q

is a large round or oval patch of light brown pigmentation (thus the name coffee with milk), which is usually present at birth

A

The café au lait spot

161
Q

7 subjective data questions for the nose

A
  1. Discharge
  2. Frequent colds (upper respiratory infections)
  3. Sinus pain
  4. Trauma
  5. Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
  6. Allergies
  7. Altered smell
162
Q

Primary Skin Lesion that

Elevated cavity containing free fluid, up to 1 cm; a “blister.” Clear serum flows if wall is ruptured. Examples: herpes simplex, early varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), contact dermatitis

A

Vesicle

163
Q

is the moist, white, cream cheese–like substance that covers part of the skin in all newborns. Perspiration is present after 1 month of age

A

 The vernix caseosa

164
Q

When a lesion develops on previously unaltered skin, it is ______

A

primary

165
Q

Anthropometric Measures for which type of malnutrition

Weight >120% standard for height

BMI >30

Triceps skinfold (TSF) >10% above standard

Waist-to-hip ratio >1 (men) or >0.8 (women)

BMI ≥40 is morbid or extreme

A

Obesity

166
Q

. It is characterized by decreased anthropometric measures (i.e., weight loss and subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting). Visceral protein levels may remain within normal ranges

A

Marasmus

167
Q

Secondary Skin Lesion that

A benign excess of scar tissue beyond sites of original injury: surgery, acne, ear piercing, tattoos, infections, burns.16 Looks smooth, rubbery, shiny and “clawlike”; feels smooth and firm. Found in ear lobes, back of neck, scalp, chest, and back; may occur months to years after initial trauma.

Most common ages are 10-30 years; higher incidence in Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.16

A

Keloid

168
Q

breast feeding is recommended for _______

A

one year

169
Q

cone of light

Normal Right Ear (____ O’clock)

A

5

170
Q

This test screens for loss of peripheral vision. It compares the person’s peripheral vision with your own, assuming that yours is normal. Position yourself at eye level about 2 feet away.

A

Confrontation Test

health assesment (5 decks)

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