Chapter 11

Question 1

By definition emotions include components of

Answer 1

cognitions (This is a dangerous situation)
feelings (I feel frightened)
and actions (Run away now)

Question 2

sympathetic nervous system stimulates certain organs, such as ___, while inhibiting others, such as ____

Answer 2

the heart

the stomach and intestines

Question 3

James-Lange theory

Answer 3

the autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come before the emotion - You feel afraid because you run away.
Arousal lead to emotions, they lead to the feeling aspect of an emotion
Event -> Appraisal -> Action -> Emotion

Question 4

pure autonomic failure

Answer 4

output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails, they do not react to stressful experiences with changes in heart rate etc

Question 5

Common sense theory of emotions

Answer 5

First you experience an emotion, then you get aroused, your sympathetic system reacts

Question 6

Do people with pure automatic failure feel emotions? E.g. frightened in dangerous situations?

Answer 6

Yeah, same emotion, however they say they feel their emotions much less intensely than before.
Experience an emotion, but feel weak

Question 7

Möbius syndrome

Answer 7

People that cannot move their facial muscles to make a smile - experience happiness and amusement, but have trouble making friends

Question 8

Which part of the brain hase been regarded critical for emotion?

Answer 8

Limbic system - forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus

Also cerebral cortex reacts

Question 9

What is the relevance of pure autonomic failure to the

study of emotions?

Answer 9

People with pure autonomic failure do not react to
events with changes in heart rate or other autonomic
functions. They report still having emotional experienc-
es but they do not feel them as strongly.

Question 10

How did researchers get people to smile or frown without

using those words?

Answer 10

They got
people to smile by telling them to hold a pen between
their teeth. They got people to frown by attaching golf
tees to their eyebrows and then telling them to keep
the two tees touching each other.

Question 11

According to Lisa Barrett Feldman, why is it difficult to

develop a scientific consensus about any theory of emotion?

Answer 11

Emotion is a
socially constructed category that people find useful,
but it does not correspond to any category that exists
in nature.

Question 12

behavioral activation system (BAS)

Answer 12

marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach, could characterize happiness or anger
-> activity in the left hemisphere, frontal and temporal lobes

Question 13

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Answer 13

increase attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust
-> increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobe in the right hemisphere

Question 14

Difference between hemispheres relates to personality.. what is meant by that?

Answer 14

people with greater activity in the frontal
cortex of the left hemisphere tend to be happier, more outgo-
ing, and more fun-loving. People with greater right-hemisphere
activity tend to be socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life,
and prone to unpleasant emotions

Question 15

What evidence challenges the idea that we identify

people’s emotions by their facial expressions?

Answer 15

Given a photo of a spontaneous facial expression,
people usually see more than one emotion and often
don’t see the emotion described by the person whose
face was shown. Also, in everyday life we identify
someone’s emotion by a combination of cues, includ-
ing posture, context, gestures, and tone of voice.

Question 16

Rank the following dilemmata according to how many people were willing to sacrifice one human: Lifeboat Dilemma, Trolley Dilemma, Hospital Dilemma, Footbridge Dilemma

Answer 16

1. Most people would pull the swithc in the trolley dilemma
2. Fewer in the footbridge and lifeboat dilemmas
3. Almost no one endorses killing in the hospital dilemma

Question 17

Which brain areas were active in the footbridge or lifeboat dilemma

Answer 17

prefrontal cortex, and cingulate gyrus, known to respond to emotions

Question 18

Which people are more willing to sacrifice people: people with weak or strong autonomic arousal?

Answer 18

Those with strong

Question 19

People with prefrontal damage, that often make impulsive decisions. Do they sacrifice people in the dilemmata more or less often

Answer 19

More often. Quickly and calm.

Question 20

After damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, people show

Answer 20

inconsistent preferences, as if they arent sure what they want or like.
And are dicks in the Dictator and Trustee game (show less concern for others)

Question 21

If brain damage impairs someone’s emotions, what

happens to the person’s decision making?

Answer 21

After brain damage that impairs emotion, people
make impulsive decisions, evidently because they do
not quickly imagine how bad a poor decision might
make them feel.

Question 22

What neurotransmitters play a role in aggression?

Answer 22

Ratio between testosterone (increases) and cortisol (inhibits), serotonin (inhibits violent impulses)

Question 23

Effects of testosterone on woman in an experiment?

Answer 23

Look longer at angry faces, cannot make as good judgements about pairs of humans, tend to collaborate less

Question 24

What is one reason why testosterone levels correlate only

weakly with human aggression levels?

Answer 24

Aggression depends on the ratio of testosterone to

cortisol, not to testosterone alone.

Question 25

Turnover (measurement technique for serotonine)

Answer 25

You check the serotonin metabolites in body fluids to gauge the turnover, the amount that neurons released and replaced

Question 26

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)

Answer 26

Seratonin's main metabolite in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 27

Donkeys with the lowest quartile for 5-HIAA

Answer 27

were the most aggressive and die young

Question 28

If we want to know how much serotonin the brain has | been releasing, what should we measure?

Answer 28

We can measure the concentration of 5-HIAA, a se- rotonin metabolite, in the cerebrospinal fluid or other body fluids. The more 5-HIAA, the more serotonin has been released and presumably resynthesized.

Question 29

Given that monkeys with low serotonin turnover pick many fights and in most cases die young, what keeps natural selection from eliminating the genes for low serotonin turnover?

Answer 29

Although most monkeys with low serotonin turnover die young, many of the survivors achieve a dominant status that enables them to get more of the food and to reproduce more frequently. Monkeys with high serotonin turnover survive, but at the cost of accepting a low status.

Question 30

People with low autonomic arousal tend to be less or more aggressive?

Answer 30

More aggressive

Question 31

What relationship did Caspi et al. (2002) report between | the enzyme MAO A and antisocial behavior?

Answer 31

Overall, people with genes for high or low produc- tion of MAO A do not differ significantly in their prob- ability of antisocial behavior. However, among those who suffered serious maltreatment during childhood, people with lower levels of the enzyme showed higher rates of antisocial behavior.

Question 32

startle reflex

Answer 32

Auditory information goes first to the cochlear nucleus in the medulla and from there directly to an area in the pons that commands tensing the muscles, especially the neck muscles.

Question 33

Which brain region enhances the startle reflex?

Answer 33

The amygdala

Question 34

Some important functions in fear of the amygdala

Answer 34

Change in breathing, controls avoidance of potentially unsafe pleaces, controls learning which places are safest, responsible for "freezing"

Question 35

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Answer 35

long-term, | generalized emotional arousal depends on this brain area

Question 36

What brain mechanism enables the startle reflex to be | so fast?

Answer 36

Loud noises activate a path from the cochlea to cells in the pons that trigger a tensing of neck muscles.

Question 37

How could a researcher use the startle reflex to | determine whether some stimulus causes fear?

Answer 37

Present the stimulus before giving a loud noise. If the stimulus increases the startle reflex beyond its usual level, then the stimulus produced fear.

Question 38

Klüver-Bucy | syndrome/ Urbach-Wiethe disease

Answer 38

amygdala damage in monkeys. Pick up matches etc. impaired social behaviour, don't learn what to fear Urbach-Wiethe: The same in humans

Question 39

What explanatin that amygdala reacts more to fearful emotion directed to you than looking somewhere else? (ambiguous emotion)

Answer 39

Harder to interpret, has harder to work

Question 40

Which part of the brain inhibits activity of the amygdala

Answer 40

the prefrontal cortex

Question 41

What evidence indicates that amygdala activity corresponds to the effort needed for interpreting emotional information?

Answer 41

The amygdala responds more strongly to a fearful face directed at the viewer, rather than a similar face looking to the side. People usually find it easier to un- derstand a fearful face looking to the side.

Question 42

What can we predict about someone if we know the strength of that person’s amygdala responses to upsetting pictures or loud noises?

Answer 42

People with a highly reactive amygdala are likely to report many negative emotional experiences during a day, to show strong responses to stressful experiences, and to favor strong reliance on military and police power.

Question 43

Why do people with amygdala damage have trouble | recognizing expressions of fear?

Answer 43

They focus their vision on the nose and mouth. | Expressions of fear depend almost entirely on the eyes.

Question 44

Panic disorder is associated with decreased activity of | the neurotransmitter

Answer 44

GABA and increased levels of orexin

Question 45

How does benzodiazepines work?

Answer 45

increase activity of transmitter GABA that inhibits anxiety: better to say bind to the GABA receptor and modify sensitvity of the GABA site

Question 46

What would be the effect of benzodiazepines on | someone who had no GABA?

Answer 46

Benzodiazepines facilitate the effects of GABA, so a person without GABA would have no response to benzodiazepines.

Question 47

Consolidation of a learned fear

Answer 47

Occurs after time has passed, Learned fear becomes stronger

Question 48

reconsolidation of traumatic experiences

Answer 48

A memory reawakened by a reminder becomes labile, cnageable or vulnerable. If you couple it again with a similar experience it is reconsolidated

Question 49

Why is extinction more effective a few minutes after a | brief reminder of the original learning?

Answer 49

The reminder brings the representation of the learning into a labile state from which it can be recon- solidated or extinguished.

Question 50

general adaptation syndrome

Answer 50

Any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activates a generalized response to stress -> many activity of the adrenal glands

Question 51

activity general adaptation syndrome: alarm stage

Answer 51

alarm stage: secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal glands also cortisol, which increases blood glucose, providing extra energy adesterone, to maintain blood salt and blood volume

Question 52

activity general adaptation syndrome: resistance stage

Answer 52

sympathetic response declines, but the adrenal glands continue secreting cortisol and other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness. Body adapts to prolonged cold or heat, low oxygen, etc.

Question 53

activity general adaptation syndrome: exhaustion

Answer 53

Individual is tired, inactive, vulnerable, because the nervous system and immune systems no longer have energy to sustain their respones

Question 54

Name three hormones that the adrenal glands release | in the alarm stage of the body’s response to stress.

Answer 54

Epinephrine, cortisol, and aldosterone.

Question 55

Stress activates two body systems. Which?

Answer 55

sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis

Question 56

HPA axis

Answer 56

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex

Question 57

Process of HPA axis while stressed

Answer 57

pituitary gland secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -> stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol (enhances metabolic activity, elevates blood levels of sugar, increases alertness)

Question 58

autoimmune disease

Answer 58

immune system attacks normal cells

Question 59

leukocytes

Answer 59

white blood cells, important part of immune system

Question 60

Different kinds of leukocytes

Answer 60

B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells

Question 61

antigens

Answer 61

antibodygenerator molecules kind of the bodys unique fingerprint

Question 62

leukocytes: B cells

Answer 62

mature in the bone marrow, secrete antibodys -> attack unfamilliar antigens - deffends against viruses and bacteria, but causes sometime rejection of organ transplants

Question 63

leukocytes: T cells

Answer 63

mature in the thymus gland - attack intruders directly (do not secrete antibodies) and some help other T cells or B cells multiply

Question 64

leukocytes: Natural killer cells

Answer 64

attack tumor cells and cells infected with virus | -> not just particular kind of foreign cells, but fuck over every motherfucker. Sick fucks.

Question 65

cytokines

Answer 65

get released in response to an infecton from leukocytes and other cells and combat infections. Stimulate vagus nerve and trigger release of prostaglandins

Question 66

prostaglandins

Answer 66

prostaglandins cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate the hypothalamus and produce fever, sleepiness, lack of energy, lack of appetite and, and loss of sex drive

Question 67

How does Aspirin and ibuprofen decrease fever and other signs of illness?

Answer 67

By inhibiting prostaglandins

Question 68

What kind of cell releases cytokines?

Answer 68

Leukocytes, which are part of the immune system, | release cytokines.

Question 69

What changes do prostaglandins stimulate?

Answer 69

Prostaglandins stimulate the hypothalamus to produce fever, decreased hunger, decreased sex drive, and increased sleepiness.

Question 70

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 70

deals with the ways experiences alter the immune system and how the immune system in turn influences the central nervous system.

Question 71

How do the effects of stress mimic the effects of | illness?

Answer 71

Stress increases release of cytokines, which com- municate with the hypothalamus via the vagus nerve and prostaglandins. The hypothalamus reacts with the same responses it uses to combat illness, such as in- activity and loss of appetite.

Question 72

How does prolonged stress damage the hippocampus?

Answer 72

Stress increases the release of cortisol, which enhances metabolic activity throughout the body. When neurons in the hippocam- pus have high metabolic activity, they become more vulnerable to damage by toxins or overstimulation.

Question 73

What biologically and social effects accounts for resilience?

Answer 73

genes that influence the amygdala and the vigor of the sympathetic nervous system, Social support, physical health, previous stressful experiences