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Biological Systems > Chapter 30 Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Animals are heterotrophs. What does this mean

A

Gain energy and building blocks from ingesting other organsisms (instead of from light energy like plants)

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2
Q

How is energy content of food measured?

A

By amount of heat produced when completely burned in the presence of O2, producing CO2 and H2O

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3
Q

What is a joule?

A

0.239 calories

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4
Q

How much energy is produced by lipids, carbohydrates and proteins?

A

Lipids - 9.4 kcal/g
Carbohydrates - 4.1 kcal/g
Proteins - 4/5 kcal/g

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5
Q

What is metabolic rate

A

Amoun of energy an animal converts to heat per day

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6
Q

How is most energy stores?

A 
As lipids (most energy stored per gram)
Animals also store as glycogen (approx 1 kcal/g) which breaks down into glucse and is needed for brain and anaerobic glycolysis
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7
Q

What Are essental nutrients

A

Ones that are required but cannot be synthesized by the animal

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8
Q

How many standard amino acids are there?

A

20 that animals need to build proteins. Some can be syntheized

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9
Q

What are the essentail fatty acids that humans require

A

Require a-linoleic acid and linoleic acid which they can get from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

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10
Q

What essential nutrients are there

A

Calcium 0 neede din large amounts

Mosta re needed in small amounts - iron for haemoglobin and myoglobin

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11
Q

What is the result of nutrient deficiency

A

malnutrition - chronic malnutrition leads to deficiency disease

  • Scurvy - vitamin C deficiency
  • Beriberi - Vitamin B1
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12
Q

what are the 3 main ways animals get food

A

Target large easily visible individual food items
Suspension feeding - tiny particles in large numbers filtered from water
Symbiosis

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13
Q

Define symbiosis

A

close long-term associated beween 2 tyes of organisms

e.g. aimals and microbes that synthesize important nutrients

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14
Q

What is the symbiotic relationship between Reefbuilding coals and algael cells

A

Algal cells produce glucose by photosynthesis and give pigments colour
Provide food for animals

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15
Q

What is unique about ruminant mamals (cows, sheep, deer etc.)

A

Stomach with 4 champers
break down food by fermentation via community of bacteria, protozoa, yeasts and fungi
- Allows digestion of cellulose that vertebrates cannot breakdown and production of some B vitamins and essential amino acids
- Nitrogen recycled - used by microbes to build proteins that animal digests

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16
Q

Why are heterotropbic microbes important

A

allow breakdown of things vertebrate otherwise could not

humans have large gut microbiome

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17
Q

What is the main structure of the digestive tract in aimals

A

Tubular - food enters mouth, indigestible materials exit at anus
Lined with epithelium

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18
Q

What are the functions of the digestive tract

A

Digestion - breakdown of food molecules

Absorption - transport of small molecules from gut lumen into blood

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19
Q

How does digestive ability determin nutritional value of food

A

Digestive enzymes are specific to what type of bonds they can breaks. Ability to digest determined by enzymes produced
If they cannot digest food, there is no nutritional value

20
Q

What is Trehalose

A

enzyme in animals that eat insects - breaks down sugar abundant in insects

21
Q

Why is lactase more prominent in northern europeans

A

It breaks down lactose - due to high dairy diet

22
Q

Can animals modify digestive enzymes?

A

Yes - e.g rats go from low to high protein diet start producing protein digestion enzyme in 24 hours

23
Q

What are the layres of the digestive tract

A 
Mucosa
- Epithelium (contains digestive-absorptive cells)
- Underlying connective tissue
Submucosa - blood and lymph vessels
Smooth Muscle
24
Q

What are the 2 layers of muscle in the gut

A

Circular (innermost)

Longitudinal (outerost)

25
Q

What is peristalsis

A

waves of contraction that move food

26
Q

What makes up the enteric nervous system

A

nerves in the gut (autonomic)

27
Q

How are digestive enzymes classed

A 
By what molecule they digest
- Lipase
- Proteases and peptiddases
- Carbohydrases
Where they act
- Intraluminal (in lumen)
- Membrane-associated (attached to epithelium)
- Intracellular (inside gut epithelial cells)
28
Q

What does the foregut consist of

A

mouth, oesophagus, stomach and in some animals a crop for grinding food

29
Q

Where does digestion begin n mammals

A

in mouth with saliva that contains amylase to digest starch

30
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

Store food
Secrete HCl - helps food disintegration
Begins protein digestion
Squeeze and mix food with acid and digestive enzymes

31
Q

How are digestive enzymes prevented form digesting gastric cells

A

They are secreted n inactive forms - pepsinogen (which stomach acid converts to pepsin

32
Q

What makes up the midgut and hindgut

A

midgut - Small intestine in humans

hindgut - large intestine

33
Q

Where does most absorption occur

A

midgut - due to villi and microvilli that increase surface area

34
Q

What controls entry of digesting food into small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

35
Q

What is the role of the pancreas

A

secretion of digestive enzymes, including bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid that enters midgut

36
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

Bile salts from liver emulsify lipids into tiny droplets - increases SA for digestive enzymes to act on
Lipids broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
Reassembled to simple lipids in epithelial cells that form aggregates with proteins
lipoproteins enter lymph vessels then bloodstream

37
Q

What is the role of the hindgut?

A

store indegestible wastes and complete reabsorption of water and salts

38
Q

What are the 2 states that animals alternate between with digestion?

A

Absorptive state - after meal when food is in gut and nutrients are absorbed
Postabsorptive state - stomach and small intestine are empty and metabolism runs on stored nutrients

39
Q

What is the role of hormones in apetite and digestion

A

Gastrin stimulates secretion of HCl and pepsin when food enters stomach
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibid stomach acid secretion and muscle contraction until food in midgut is processed

40
Q

How do Secretin and CCK work on the pancreas and liver?

A

Secretin stimulates pancrease to secrete bicarbonate

They both stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver

41
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A

Released when stomach is empty - stimulates appetite

42
Q

What does Leptin do?

A

provides feedback about body fat to the brain - secreted by fat cells

43
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced

A

in islet of langerhans

44
Q

What does glucose do?

A

stabilize BGL - promotes storeage of glucose by stimulating liver and muscle cells to make glycogen
Stimulates uptake of fatty acids and amino acids

45
Q

Which phase (absorptive and postabsorptive) is glucagon released in?

A

Postabsorptive

- Glucagon promotes breakdown of stored ipid and release of fatty acd

Biological Systems (20 decks)

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