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PHL 240 Healthcare Ethics > Bioethics > Flashcards

Bioethics Flashcards

1
Q

Universality

A

If One person is wrong for an action, everyone else should be too.

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2
Q

If one person is wrong for an action, everyone else should be as well.

A

Universality

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3
Q

When a person makes someone’s point appear extreme or distorted.

Ex. “Immunization will only kill 1 child out of 5000.”
“So you think the life of a child isn’t worth anything?!”

A

Straw man fallacy

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4
Q

Deontology

A

The rightness of actions is determined partly to entirely by their intrinsic value. (Kant)p-she.

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5
Q

The idea that everyone is/should be treated equal. (Unless there’s a morally relevant difference in persons.

A

Impartiality

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6
Q

What is this fallacy?
If A, then B, then C, THEN Z!! 😟
(Z is likely to be improbable)

A

Slippery slope fallacy

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7
Q

To participate in morality

A

Reasonableness

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8
Q

Normative dominance

A

Moral norms are presumed to dominate other kinds of norms

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9
Q

The study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy.

A

Ethics

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10
Q

The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.

A

Applied ethics

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11
Q

Coercion

A

Using severe harm or threat to control another’s actions

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12
Q

What is the term for a bad/defective argument?

A

Fallacy

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13
Q

Moral norms are presumed to dominate other kinds of norms

A

Normative dominance

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14
Q

Apply in all cases unless exceptions are made.

  • Respect for autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Non Maleficence
  • Utility (justice)
A

Prima Facie Principles

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15
Q

Overriding a persons actions or decision making, or known preferences, for the persons own good.

A

Paternalism

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16
Q

There are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone.

A

Moral objectivism

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17
Q

Use severe threat or harm to control another’s actions

A

Coercion

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18
Q

A person comes to believe something through the merit of reasons (not controlling influences)

A

Persuasion

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19
Q

Conveying info in a way that makes the person do something he or she might not want to do otherwise

A

Manipulation

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20
Q

Ethics

A

The study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy

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21
Q

Overriding the preferences of a competent person.

A

Strong paternalism

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22
Q

We owe others to help them further their interests. We owe this to those we have a special relationship. Ex. Parents, teachers, lawyers, physicians

A

Specific beneficence

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23
Q

A just distribution is one that produces the most overall happiness

A

Utilitarian

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24
Q

Reasonableness

A

To participate in morality

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25
Q

Casuistry

A

A method of moral reasoning that emphasizes cases and analogy rather than universal principles and theories, from which moral judgments are supposed to be deducted

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26
Q

Emphasizes personal freedoms and the right to pursue one’s own interest without interference. They want limited government

A

Libertarian

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27
Q

If followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most good.

A

Rule utilitarian

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28
Q

The rightness of actions as determined partly or entirely by their intrinsic value

A

Deontology (Kant)

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29
Q

Asserts that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences

A

Consequentialism

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30
Q

Impartiality

A

Everyone is/should be treated equal (unless there is a morally relevant difference in persons)

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31
Q

Character is the key to the moral life. For Aristotle, a morally good person flourishes is in life

A

Virtue ethics

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32
Q

The virtuous person has an ingrained habit and can be relied on to be kind, honest, etc. virtuous traits are those that are good for people to have.

A

Virtue (according to Aristotle)

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33
Q

Good Samaritan actions

A

Supererogatory

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34
Q

Caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection. Obligation to do right by patients, family, and friends

A

Care ethics

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35
Q

What are the 6 virtues?

A
  • Caring- Willingness to act on behalf of persons.
  • Compassion- an active regard for another’s welfare
  • Conscientiousness- motivation to do what’s right because it’s right
  • Discernment- the ability to judge well
  • Integrity- being honest and having strong moral principle
  • Trustworthiness- to have confidence in ones character and conduct
36
Q

What is an argument?

A

At least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion)

37
Q

What is a deductive argument?

A

Argument intended to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion
ex. “Jane is a female sibling, therefore a sister.”

38
Q

What is an inductive argument?

A

An argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion.

Ex. The weather

39
Q

Do we evaluate conclusions?

A

NO!

40
Q

Egalitarianism

A

All people are equal, and deserve equal opportunities

41
Q

Moral arguments

A

If you accept the premises, then you should accept the conclusion.
•A moral argument is one whose conclusion is a moral statement.

Has: At least 1 moral premise and at least 1 nonmoral.

42
Q

Hypothetical imperatives

A

Dependent on desires.

If you want X, then do Y.

Ex. If you want good grades, go to school.

43
Q

View that right actions are sanctioned by ones culture.

A

Cultural relativism

44
Q

Arguments within an argument intended to establish the truth of premises that aren’t already accepted.

A

Sub-arguments

45
Q

Why are the 2 aspects of argument evaluation?

A
  1. Evaluation of the premises
    •(True or acceptable? Are they all around false? Acceptable or need further support?)
  2. Evaluation of the reasoning from the premises to the conclusion.
    •(Does the conclusion follow from the premises? Do the premises provide enough support for the conclusion to justify it?)
46
Q

Fallacy

A

The bad/defective argument

47
Q

Specific beneficence

A

We owe others (positive obligation) to help them further their interests ex. Teachers, physicians, parents.

48
Q

Moral standards are not objective, but are relative to what individuals think or believe.

A

Ethical relativism

49
Q

Strawman fallacy

A

When a person makes someone’s point appear extreme/distorted

50
Q

Slippery slope fallacy

A

If A, then B, then C, then Z!!! 😟

51
Q

Not obligated to help others we don’t have a relationship with, but it’s encouraged

A

General beneficence

52
Q

Applied ethics

A

The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues

53
Q

Bioethics

A

Applied ethics focused on healthcare, medical science, and medical technology

54
Q

Prima Facie Principles

A

Apply in all cases unless exceptions are warranted or conflict with another principle

55
Q

Criteria for an autonomous choice?

A

Voluntary

Informed

Must have decision making capacity

56
Q

Absolute Principles

A

Apply without exceptions

57
Q

Moral objectivism

A

There are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone

58
Q

Ethical relativism

A

Moral standards are not objective, but Are relative to what individuals think or believe

59
Q

All people are equal and deserve equal opportunities

A

Egalitarianism

60
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Right actions are sanctioned by ones culture

61
Q

Paternalism

A

Overriding a persons actions or preferences for their own good

62
Q

Persuasion

A

A person comes to believe something Through the merit of reasons

63
Q

Applied without exceptions (Ex. No lying in any situation)

A

Absolute principle

64
Q

Manipulation

A

Conveying info in a way that makes the person do something he or she might not do otherwise

65
Q

Weak paternalism

A

Overriding known preferences of a person thought to be incompetent to decide

66
Q

General beneficence

A

We are not obligated to help others when we do not have a special relationship with them, but it is encouraged

67
Q

Strong paternalism

A

Overriding the preferences of a competent person

68
Q

Libertarian

A

Emphasize personal freedoms, would like limited government, and the right to peruse ones own interests w/o interference

69
Q

Consequentialism

A

The rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences (utilitarianism)

70
Q

Rule utilitarianism

A

If followed consistently, would create for everyone the most good ?

71
Q

Virtue ethics

A

Character is the key to the moral life. Aristotle believes a morally good person flourishes in life.

72
Q

Virtue (Aristotle)

A

Person can be relied on to be kind, honest, etc. (it’s habit) virtuous traits are those that are good for people to have.

73
Q

Respect for Autonomy and ex of rules

A

The ability to choose and make decisions for oneself

  1. Tell the truth
  2. Obtain consent
  3. Respect privacy
74
Q

What is non maleficence and ex of rules

A

Asks us not to intentionally or unintentionally inflict harm on others

Ex. If a nurse recklessly, or ignorantly harms a patient by administering too much med
Or
If a nurse gives medicine knowing it would induce a heart attack.

  1. Do not kill
  2. Do not cause pain or suffering
  3. Do not deprive others a good life
75
Q

Categorical imperatives

A

Unconditional claims not dependent on desires

Do X PERIOD

EX. Keep your promises, tell the truth, don’t steal.

76
Q

Criticism of Act Utilitarianism

A

•Goes against our intuitions about justice and the rights of individuals
~Convict an innocent individual in order to satisfy a family?
•Too demanding, requiring us to perform supererogatory actions.

77
Q

Problems with Rule utilitarianism

A

•We should allow for exceptions, but how do you determine when exceptions are appropriate?

78
Q

Theories of obligation or duty, and examples?

A

What makes actions right or wrong, which actions are morally obligatory, permissible, forbidden, etc.

Ex. Utilitarianism, Divine Command, Kant.

79
Q

Virtue based Theories and example?

A

Focus on the development of certain character traits.

Ex. Virtue ethics and care ethics

80
Q

First and second formulation of the CI?

A
  1. Act according to the maxim that it would be become a universal law.
    •so if everyone stopped and fed the homeless would this result in good everywhere? Yes.
  2. Act so that you always treat others as an end, never as a means to an end.
    •so if I feel obliged to feed the homeless man and do so, I’m not thinking about the consequences or benefits to myself. I treat the person as an end. If I feel inclined to do so because I’ll feel good about myself afterwards, I treat the homeless person as a means to an end.
81
Q

Problems with Kants theory

A
  • Can you build exceptions into your maxim about actions like lying, stealing, etc. so that it could be universalized?
  • What do you do when 2 moral rules conflict?
82
Q

Beneficence and ex of rules

A

Advance the welfare of others and prevent or remove harm to them.
Ex. Health care professionals, researchers, etc. already have an obligation to promote good. It’s their jobs.

  1. Protect and defend others rights
  2. Rescue persons in danger
  3. Remove harm
  4. Prevent harm
83
Q

Purpose of Doctrine of Double effect and criteria

A

If doing something morally good has a morally bad side effect, it is ethically ok to do it providing the bad side effect was not intended.
~Ex. Getting an abortion because if would save the mothers life.
•the bad effect may be foreseen, but not intended
•the act itself was not intrinsically wrong
•the good effect is desirable to compensate to the bad effect
•the good effect is produced by the action and not the bad effect.

84
Q

Applied ethics focused on health care, medical science, and medical technology.

A

Bioethics

85
Q

Overriding the known preferences of a person thought to be incompetent to decide.

A

Weak paternalism

PHL 240 Healthcare Ethics (2 decks)

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