Synoptic Flashcards
Adapting mosaic (biodiversity) MEA
Will manage ecosystems locally and regionally
= more sustainable
Lower biodiversity loss than 1 and 2
People working together to develop
economically but also maintain ecosystems
What are the Millenium Ecosystems Assessments (MEA)?
The Millennium Ecosystems Assessments (MEA) identified 4 scenarios predicting rapid conversion of
ecosystems to farmland and urbanisation.
What is global orchestration? MEA Biodiveristy
All trade barriers and subsidies are removed
to allow for free trade
Economic growth is high and standard of living
in developed countries improve
As wealth increases there will be more money
to deal with environmental problems = too
late?
High biodiversity loss
What is order from strength? MEA Biodiveristy
Order from Strength
Protection of national boundaries will see rich
countries close their boarders to protect
their own standard of living
Problems of ecosystem degradation in
developing countries
Ecosystem collapse – huge biodiversity loss
What is Techno garden? MEA biodviersity
Techno garden
Using technology to help provide ecosystem
services
Excellent sharing of ideas at a global level
May become over reliant on technology
Wealth increases in poor countries as
knowledge and technology is shared
What is neo-colnialism?
Describes the ways in which rich countries dominate the economy of poorer countries through economic imperialism rather than political control
What is cultural imperialism?
Promoting the culture of one society into another
What is Rostows Modernisation theory?
Stage 1: Traditional socieity i.e. subsistence
- Stage 2: Transitional stage: surpluses
- Stage 3: Take off- industrialisation, growing investment
- Stage 4: Drive to maturity-less reliance on imports, diversification
- Stage 5:High mass consumption
How does Rostows model apply to pre release
Panama – drive to maturity with
evidence of mass consumption, but
limited by inequalities in wealth
Costa Rica – drive to maturity but
economic growth could be limited by
the conflict between ecotourism
growth and industrial growth
Nicaragua – pre-conditions for take
off. Will canal project enable take off?
Franks dependency theory applies to what country
periphery country
whose development is limited by low value exports and brain
drain
Myrdals core periphery model
Factors exist which close the development gap (Spread effects) and which widen the development gap (Backwash effects)
Myrdal’s Model examples of spread effects
Investment by TNCs
Tourism
Technology
Foreign Aid
Wallerstein theory
Immanuel Wallerstein developed World Systems Theory and its three-level hierarchy: core, periphery, and semi-periphery.
Core countries are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials.
Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry.
Semi-peripheral countries share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries.
remittances for Nicaragua
Solutions to facilitate development
-9.7% of GDP is remittances,
especially from Costa Rica
High remittances improve GNI without
pressures on environment, resources of
public services
Improves domestic living standards
Lower tax revenue
Division of family structures
Lower population may deter FDI
Unreliable income: dependent on othe
MDG to facilitate development
All 3,especially Niaragua
2nd MDG is to achieve Universal
Primary Education, to ensure by
2015: children everywhere able to
complete full course of primary education
All 3 countries made progress to achieve
this goal, especially Nicaragua (Fig 8)
Progress in all 3 countries has stalled (2008
crisis?) and so they did not achieve full 100%
enrolment by 2015 (Fig 8)
Secondary enrolment is lower in all 3,
especially Nicaragua
